The book The Evolution of management thought

The ledger The maturation of oversight thoughtIn his comprehensive book The Evolution of instruction Thought Daniel A Wren writes Within the pr biteices of the prehistorical on that point atomic number 18 lessons of history for tomorrow in a continuous stream. We remove to a greater extentover one point in this stream. The purpose .. is to presentthe past as a prologue to the future.Broadly it has been classified into 1.scientific direction contingentness2.Administrative wariness supposition3.Behavioral concern theory4. solicitude science theory5.Organizational surroundings theoryI. PRE SCIENTIFIC forethought ERAI. Ever Since D suffer Of civilization.-Administration of mohenjodaro harappa Cities Of ancient Indo-European in 2000 B.C.-Buddha golf club and the sangha-Organizations of public life in ancient greece. administration of roman catholic church.Organisation of military forceSECOND half(a) OF NINETEENTH CENTURYUse of worry Principles in blood.Robert Owen-1 813 -Development of mgmt Concepts.Factor which invite the productivity of personnel in plants.Adam Smith (18th century economist) spy that firms manufactured pins in one of two assorted dashs Craft- modality- individu exclusively(prenominal)y employment player did every last(predicate) steps. Production-each thespian specialized in one step.F.W.TAYLOR AND SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTThe arrogant demand of the relationships betwixt muckle and p fibertariats for the purposeof redesigning the bat doubt for higher efficiency.Defined by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800sWanted to substitute rule of thumbSought to reduce the period a buy the farmer spent on each line by optimizing the course the task was done.Frank and Lillian GilbrethStudied fatigue ca utilise by lighting, heating, and the design of tools and machines.Time and motion studiesBreaking up each job action into its components.Finding give out ways to perform the action.Reorganizing each job action to be mor e(prenominal) than(prenominal) efficient.ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT THEORYThe study of how to create an organisational construction that leads to high efficiency and usefulness.Rules formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under several(predicate) circumstancesStandard Operating Procedures (SOPs) p art wrenchicular propo razzion sets of written instructions approximatelywhat how to perform a certain picture of a taskNorms unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situationsBEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT THEORYThe study of how managing directors should get under ones skin out to cause employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be act to the attainment of organizational goals.Focuses on the way a carriage should in person handle to motivate employees.Mary Parker FollettConcerned that Taylor ignored the clement facial expression of the organizationSuggested call oners help in analyzing their jobslf workers guard relevant experience of the task, therefore they should control the task.MANAGEMENT SCIENCE THEORYAn commence to anxiety that uses stiff quantitative techniques to maximize the use oforganizational resources.Quantitative counseling utilizes one-dimensional programming, modeling, simulation systems and chaos theory.Operations way -techniques used to study all aspects of the production system counsel Information Systems (MIS) provides discipline vital for useful decision make.Total Quality steering (TQM) -focuses on analyzing input, conversion, and output activities to sum up product part.ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT THEORYThe set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organizations boundaries but affect a directors ability to acquire and utilize resources at large(p) SystemA system that takes resources for its external environment and converts them into effectuals and dos that argon then sent back to that environment for purchase by cu stomers. on that point is no one top hat way to organizeThe idea that the organizational structures and control systems get byr choose depend on- ar contingent on-characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates.What is caution?The landmark perplexity encompasses an array of contrasting functions undertaken to accomplish a task successfully. In the simplest of edges, focussing is all about getting things done. However, it is the way and the process of how one obtains ones target or goals and it is in this respect that management is considered an art and a science as puff up.The term management may be recently out byplayd, but it existed at a sequence when men started reading the art of organizing, strategizing (during wars) and/or simply planning. At the core of it, management was quintessentially considered as an art of managing men and hence the term manage-men-T.Management is comparable investment. Managers have resources to invest the ir time, talent and, possibly, benevolent resources. The goal (function) of management is to get the best return on such(prenominal) resources by getting things done efficiently. This doesnt imply homosexual being mechanical or narrowly controlling as some writers on management suggest. The managers style is a personal or situational matter and it has evolved over time. With highly mean and self-motivated knowledge workers, the manager must(prenominal) be very empowering. Where the workforce is less readinessed or not very motivated, the manager may need to reminder output more closely. Skilled managers know how flex their style, coach and motivate diverse employees. Getting things done by heart and soul of people is what they do. By saw that management is a function, not a type of person or role, we chamberpot better account for self-managed work teams where no one is in chargeIn a self-managed team, management is a group driving with no one organism the designated ma nagerAnd much later, management scholar, Peter Drucker (1993) be management as Supplying knowledge to find out how live knowledge can best be applied to produce results is, in effect, what we mean by management. tho knowledge is now withal existence applied systematically and purposefully to encounter what newfound knowledge is needed, whether it is feasible, and what has to be done to make knowledge effective. It is being applied, in untimely(a) words, to systematic innovation. (Drucker, 1993)To twenty-four hours the importance of management from an organizations point of view has increased multi-fold. It is provided finished effective management that companies be developing and executing their railway lines policies and strategies to maximize their profits and provide with the best of products and services.Management today combines creative, personal credit line, organizational, analytical and separate skills to produce effective goal-oriented results Some of the ke y functions in management includes collaring to delegate, planning and organizing, communicating clearly, controlling situations, motivating employees, adapting to change, constantly innovating and thinking of new ideas, building a good team and delivering results which ar not honest figure -bound but results that likewise focus on overall proceeds and development.Management focuses on the entire organization from both a nearsighted and a long-term linear perspective. Management is the managerial process of forming a strategical dream, setting objectives, crafting a strategy and then implementing and executing the strategy.A good management style is a blend of both efficiency and effectiveness. at that place is no point in acting efficiently if what you be doing pull up stakes not have the desired effect.Management techniques can be viewed as either john-up, altitude-d take, or collaborative processes. Management is an organizational function, like sales, market or fi nance. It doesnt necessarily mean managing people. We can manage ourselves or the corporal assigned to us at work. If you managed a project very vigorous on your own, it would mean that you did the job in a well-organized, efficient manner, making good use of all resources at your inclination.In India, largely the top down approach is popular. In the top-down approach, the management makes the decisions, which the employees have no choice but to accept. On the other(a) hand, in the bottom-up approach, employees acquaint proposals to their managers who, in turn, funnel the best ideas further up the organization. However the bottom up approach is not a very popular approach in India as most of the Indian businesses atomic number 18 family run businesses.Management as artscientific principles and theories will be able to utilize in actual managerial situations. Instead, these managers are apt(predicate) to intrust on the societal and political environment surrounding the mana gerial issue, using their own knowledge of a situation, rather than generic rules, to determine a range of action. For example, as a contrast to the example given previously, a manager who has a problem with an employees forgetful work performance is likely to rely on his or her own experiences and judgment when addressing this issue. Rather than having a measuring rod response to such a problem, this manager is likely to consider a broad range of companionable and political factors, and is likely to take different actions depending on the context of the problem.Henry Mintzberg is probably the most well-known and expectant advocate of the school of thought that management is an art. Mintzberg is an academic queryer whose work capturing the actual daily tasks of real managers was ground breaking research for its time. Mintzberg, by dint of his observation of actual managers in their daily work, determined that managers did not sit at their desks, thinking, evaluating, and deci ding all day long, working for long, uninterrupted time periods. Rather, Mintzberg determined that mangers engaged in very fragmented work, with constant interruptions and lofty opportunities to quietly consider managerial issues. Thus, Mintzberg revolutionized thinking about managers at the time that his work was published, challenging the prior notion that managers behaved rationally and methodically. This was in line with the perspective of management as an art, because it indicated that managers did not necessarily have process behaviors doneout their days, but instead used their own social and political skills to solve problems that arose throughout the course of work.Another scholar that promoted the notion of management as an art was David E. Lilienthal, who in 1967 had his series of lectures titled Management A tenderist Art published. In this set of published lectures, Lilienthal argues that management requires more than a mastery of techniques and skills instead, it al so requires that managers show individuals and their motivations and help them achieve their goals. Lilienthal studyd that cartel management and leadership into practice, by not only getting work done but understanding the meaning behind the work, as effective managerial behavior. Thus, he promoted the idea of the manager as a motivator and facilitator of others. This manager as an artist was likely to respond differently to each employee and situation, rather than use a prescribed set of responses dictated by set of known guidelines.Another proponent of the management as art school of thought is Peter Drucker, famed management scholar who is best known for developing ideas cogitate to total quality management. Drucker terms management a liberal art, claiming that it is such because it deals with the fundamentals of knowledge, wisdom, and leadership, but because it is also interested with practice and application. Drucker argues that the discipline (i.e., the science) of manage ment attempts to create a persona for managers, in which facts are established, and exceptions to these facts are ignored as anomalies. He is critical of the assumptions that make up the management paradigm, because these assumptions change over time as clubhouse and the business environment change. Thus, management is more of an art, because scientific facts do not remain stable over time.Managing is one of the most authorised human activities. From the time human beings began forming social organizations to accomplish aims and objectives they could not accomplish as individuals, managing has been essential to ensure the coordination of individual efforts. As society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity.DefinitionManagement is the art, or science, of achieving goals through people. Sincemanagers also supervise, management can be interpreted to mean literallylooki ng over i.e., making sure people do what they are supposed to do.Managers are, therefore, expected to ensure greater productivity or, using the on-going jargon, continuous improvement.Management is not idle. It is not an exact science. In fact, it is seen as an art that people master with experience. Managing your businesss most vital assets is too important to leave to chance.People who believe management is an art are likely to believe that there is no specific way to teach or understand management, and that it is a skill borne of personality and ability. Those who believe in management as an art are likely to believe that certain people are more predisposed to be effective managers than are others, and that some people cannot be taught to be effective managers. That is, even with an understanding of management research and an preparation in management, some people will not be capable of being effective practicing managers.Practicing managers who believe in management as an ar t are unlikely to believe that scientific principles and theories will be able to implemented in actual managerial situations. Instead, these managers are likely to rely on the social and political environment surrounding the managerial issue, using their own knowledge of a situation, rather than generic rules, to determine a course of action. For example, a manager who has a problem with an employees poor work performance is likely to rely on his or her own experiences and judgment when addressing this issue. Rather than having a standard response to such a problem, this manager is likely to consider a broad range of social and political factors, and is likely to take different actions depending on the context of the problem.The perspective of management as an art assumes to some extent that a manager has a disposition or experiences that guide him or her in managerial decisions and activities. Thus, with this perspective, many managers may be successful without any formal educatio n or training in management.While formal management education may promote management as a science,many development efforts back off the notion of management as an art. To cultivate management talent, organizations offer mentoring, afield experiences, and job rotation. These activities allow managers to gain greater social and political taste and thusly rely on their own judgment and abilities to improve their management style. Much of mentoring involves behavior modeling, in which a protg may learn nuances of managerial behavior rather than a set of specific guidelines for managing. abroad experiences are likely to involve a great deal of manager adaptation, and the general rules by which a manager might operate in one culture are likely to change when managing workers in other countries. Finally, job rotation is a technique that requires a manager to work in a variety of settings. Again, this encourages a manager to be fictile and adaptive, and likely rely more on his or her personal skill in managing.Management actually more of art than science. A ample part of Management is leadership, and no matter how many books and courses you take on the subject, if you dont have it in you, then the best you can be is a poor manager. On the flip side, a manager, even with the right ignorant skills, can make a lot of obvious mistakes if he didnt study well.Management as scienceScience can be defined as any skill or technique that reflects a small application of facts or a principle.. In practice, management as a science would indicate that managers use a specific body of culture and facts to guide their behaviors, and that management as an art requires only skill and no specific body of knowledge,.Management Science deals with development and application of the concepts and models in grapheme of any issues and solves managerial problems. The models are usually represented mathematically, but sometimes a few other methods such as computer-based, optic or verba l representations are also used. Believers of management being a discipline of science believe that there are ideal managerial practices ready(prenominal) for certain situations. A manager who believes in the scientific principles, when encounters a managerial dilemma has got the view that there must be a rational and objective way to determine the correct course of action. It is possible that the manager will adopt the general principles and theories and also by creating and test hypotheses. For example, when the employees performance is poor then the manager assumes that certain principles will work in most situations and reacts accordingly to the issue. The concept may be something learnt from a business school or through any formal means of training that the person might not consider other factors such as the political and social factors involved in the situation.Many early management researchers opined that managers are like scientists. The first theory that served subscribed to the vision of managers as scientists. The scientific management movement was the primary driver of this perspective. scientific management, by Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and others tried to discover the one best way to perform jobs. The theory was published in Taylors monographs, Shop Management (1905) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911).The main aim was to bring in a theory to evaluate and organize work in order to get the best efficiency and effectiveness.The pig iron is the best illustrative of the scientific management theory. The load was split into lots weighing 92 pounds each, known as the pig. On an average 12.5 tons were loaded onto the rail cars by the workers but Taylor believed that it could be increased to 47 or 48 tons per day and as he had believed it completely worked. The following result was achieved by unified the skill sets of the workers with that of the task that is required to do.Clear instructions are being provided f or the workers on how to perform each of the tasks and it was ensured that the the instructions were being followed.Equal instalment of labour between the workers and the management.The employees were then motivated by providing them with a importantly higher daily wage.It was believed that the shop floor by 200% through the following principle. The theory of scientific management was adopted throughout the world including France, Russia and Japan. McDonalds has been successfully adopt the principles of Scientific Management into its system in the airfields of grant systems, the mutual understandings with the workers and systematic training provided The theory completely created a paradigm charge up in the understanding the psychology of workers thus reducing the efficiencies to a very large level.Management, like other sciences has its own principles, laws, generalization which is cosmopolitan in nature and can be applied to various situations. But management could not be trea ted in the same way as the other sciences are being treated, the sole reason being that management deals with people and it is very difficult to predict human behaviour accurately. Therefore, it can be said that management falls under the household of Social Sciences. Management has taken a giant leap in this century. Many are of the misconception that the scientific method will provide solutions to all problems but managers must understand that they must contend with the uncertainties that cannot be removed(p) by the scientific endeavour.With the era being an era of science and applied science, it is quintessential that we understand their importance. It is inevitable that every business involves some amount of scientific and technological systems.Management is a science as the scientific principles and rules (such as Taylors theory of scientific management and Webers conception of social and economic organization) that have been devised can be applied for improving productivit y.Management as engine roomWhat is managementWhat is technology scienceAre these two related somewayIs technology good or badThese are some basic questions that we shall try to answer to understand this concept of management as technology technology is the scientific methodology and the materials used to achieve certain goal or solve a particular problem.Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people. In laymans words, Management is to manage the man, money machine and technology helps in better managementIn todays world everybody is using technology in some way or the other whether knowingly or inadvertently. Technology is everywhere rough us in our homes, in our offices and so on The role of technology becomes even more important when it comes to the application of various functions of management. Todays business scenario is extremely fast, dynamic and full of uncertainties. Todays managers cannot afford to waste time on getting information ,then analysing it, then concluding results out of that raw information and then executing plans .Thus .here comes technology to his rescue. Technology makes it faster, far more efficient and easy for the managers to get results out of pieces of information and then formulate and follow up plans and in turn generate profits for the business.But the question is How does technology do it and what technologies are available?A lot of technologies are available today to help out managers to take fast and effective decisions as well as expand their businesses. With the help of technology various software product tools have been designed to manage all types of help desk customer service related tasks. It allows you to centrally record, track, update proactively manage customer service CRM related tasks, issues projects by allowing you to create, customize and change work melds processes. Technology is designed to create, optimize automate business process based upon the customers requirement. It delivers complete transparency control to manage different workflows approvals for all types business enterprises. Technology allows organizations to proactively manage issues.Technology provides simple, easy to use, customizable web-based business management tools. Technology management can also be defined as the integrate planning, design, optimization, operation and control of technological products processes and services, a better definition would be the management of the use of technology for human advantage.Today technology is used in every section of management whether it is marketing management, production operation management, human resource management, finance management or systems management.Project management is also the important part of technology management. Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful finish of specific project goals and objecti ves. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints. representative constraints are scope, time, and budget. The secondary challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs unavoidable to meet the pre-defined objectives. Some tools that are used in the Organizations are -Online business networkingNetworking is a marketing method by which business opportunities are created through networks of like-minded business people. Businesses are increasingly using business social networks as a means of growing their circle of business contacts and promoting themselves online. In general these networking tools allow professionals to build up their circle of business partners they trust. By connecting these business partners the networking tools allow individuals to search for certain people within their network. Since businesses are expanding globally, social networks make it easier to keep in touch with other contacts around the world. Specific cross-border e-commerce platforms and business partnering networks now make globalization accessible also for small and medium sized companies.Social networking websites like LinkedIn.com, Facebook.com are some technologies that help businessmen meet each other online and remain in contact from any part of the world.Sharing of ideas and thoughtsBlogs and certain websites like Twitter.com etc are some technologies which provide a platform where people can take their thoughts and present their opinions.Database management and data digToday no lengthy we need any books etc to maintain data and records because today we have online database management systems which not only record our data but we can also query out information very fast and effectively.Data mining is the process of retrieving useful patterns out of data stored in the data warehouses which helps managers to analyze data and take quick decisions fro m the patterns.ERPEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an integrated computer-based system used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, fiscal resources, materials, and human resources. It is a software architecture whose purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment.In the absence of an ERP system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software applications that cannot communicate or port effectively with one another.ERP systems connect the necessary software in order for accurate forecasting to be done. This allows inventory levels to be kept at maximum efficiency and the company to be more profitable.Integration among different fun ctional areas to ensure proper communication, productivity and efficiencyDesign engineering (how to best make the product)Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfillment etc.Thus, we safe now learnt about some technologies that the managers have at their disposal to help them out perform critical managerial functions. So, now we can certainly say that yes management and technology go hand in hand and without technology, management would become too difficult.Modern Management Theories and PracticesManagement thought has been evolving and redefining itself . There have been three phases of development during the process The authorized Approach, The Human Relations Approach and the contemporary approaches.The classical approach just emphasized the importance of production and administration process within the organization. The Human Relations Approach elucidated the importance of maintain human relations and thus adhering to sound practices in order to achieve the harmony. The c ontempropry approaches laid importance on the social systems, the decision making process and the application of quantitative methods. These are often grouped together as modern approaches.The classical management approach, developed during the Industrial Revolution, suggested the development of standard methods for doing jobs and the people were trained and they worked like machines. Every person had his own specialized work and he had to do it. This approach accentuated the work element and did not see the workers as human beings but machines.As management became more sophisticated, there was a shift from the era of production or the stress on production to punctuation on human relations. The Hawthrone experiments clearly indicated that apart from the working conditions and the physiological subject of the workers, there were other factors influencing the productivity. George L. Mayo postulated these factors as social and psychological in nature.Recent Developments in Management TheoryThe recent developments in the management theory have been the Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and police squad building theory.The Systems Theory A system is looked at as having inputs (e.g., raw materials, funds, and human resource), processes (e.g., planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e.g., enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity). jibe to this approach, the four aspects of the system is inter connected and this can be used to determine patterns and events.The Situational or Contingency Theory This theory postulates that all aspects of the situations must be taken into account when managers make a decision. For e.g. if one is take a military troop, then an autocratic style or a bureaucratic style must probably be adopted, whereas in the case of a medical facility, a more participative and facilitative leadership style will be more suitabl e.The Chaos Theory This theory suggests that systems of course tend to go complex and hence will lead to more volatility and instability. Thus inorder to maintain a balance, it is important to exert more energy. This trend continues until the system splits and falls apart entirely. Manager must be able to effectively scrutinize and take care so that mishaps dont happen.The Team Building approach This theory postulates that team building is the essence of providing quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement within the organization. This theory also elucidates that the lessening of levels of hierarchy or flattening of the system will bring in more effectiveness. Consensus management is the essence of the theory that is involving more people at all levels in the process of decision-making.MODERN MANAGEMENT PRACTICESThe basis of Modern Management Practices are based on Leadership and Commitment, Business Planning and peril Management, Control Systems, Performance Man agement, Accountability ManagementLeadership and CommitmentOpen-door management style, strong management board, good relationship with staff, importance in the area of values and ethics are all the prerequisites of Modern management.The Senior fiscal Officer and the staff play a strong leadership role in the organization and participate in all major business decisions.Business Planning and Risk ManagementStrong linkage exists between business planning and management accountability agreements. This is achieved by setting well defined the corporate strategies and priorities.