Women, Work And Public Policy :: essays research papers

Gender and the market are both concepts that carry tremendous power to shape society. Indeed, these institutions are so powerful within society that they can seem invisible and immutable. Each of these influential constructs has become the lens through which a theoretical cash advance defines and analyzes the world feminist possible action centering on gender, and economic theory centering on the market. Such a primary focus enables each theory to function as an invaluable tool in clarifying complex interactions. On the flip side, however, such a lens can also unappreciated the ability to enlarge taking into custody beyond that initial analysis. In this way, the strength of focus can become a weakness, setting one analytical advent as exclusively paramount, and inherently discrediting other approaches. This has often been the case with the disparate economic and feminist approaches to analyzing work and gender. A synthesis of the economic and feminist approaches, however, woul d interpret a more complex, applicable, and efficient tool than the confrontational stance that often pervades discussion. The synthesis process would begin with realizing that, although both theories are extremely valuable methods of achieving an understanding of work, gender and society, neither theory provides a complete picture. Indeed, the very fact that they are such powerful tools, with defined focuses, makes it very difficult for each figure to comprehend and incorporate insights foreign to its bias. Such an effective synthesis would emphasize how the focus and methodology of these two stances can be complimentary, and result in the knowledge of a more comprehensive, flexible analytical approach.The economic approach to society, including gender and work, focuses on the workings of an invisible hand which guides forces of supplement and demand within a market constructed of aggregates. In this approach, human beings operate by a set of rational rules that are predictable , graphable, and individual. Using these behaviors, economic man weighs the opportunity costs snarly in economic choices and makes decisions at the margin to maximize benefits. Deductive reasoning and empirical knowledge comprises the methodology used to explain the interactions of these market forces. Within this strictly theoretical world, economics appears to hold no biases that would influence its approach to labor or gender, because it impersonally uses formal models to simply emphasize how wages influence the forces of supply and demand. Economics, however, was not designed to exist as a theoretical construct. Instead, this approach applies the lens of the market to view the intricacies of everyday life as a interminable cycle of supply and demand interactions.

Clear Liquid Thought: The Photographs of Jim Dine Essay -- Photography

Clear Liquid Thought The Photographs of Jim DineThe camera sees even beyond the visual consciousness.--Ralph Eugene MeatyardArgument The photographic UnconsciousIn his expression Photographie avant analyse1 photography critic Franois Soulages discussesthe reciprocal influence between photography (as an emerging technology in the 19thcentury) and the study of the unconscious (prior to the invention of psychoanalysis). To whatextent, he asks, did a new technology such as photography enlighten, modify, or enrich theunderstanding of the unconscious? And, conversely, how did what he calls the hypothesis of theunconscious allow for a better understanding of a new technology? These questions, inherent inthe beginnings of photography and essentially linked to its share in the comprehension of thevisible and the invisible body, have gained considerable importance today.The photographic works I will discuss here participate in our understanding of theunconscious in a paradoxical way, since they do non imply disclosing images of the artistsunconscious specifically encoded into symbolic meaning. On the contrary, my concern is withthese works potential to stick visual equivalents of inner life perceptions in a variety ofpuzzling formal patterns whose disclosure of meaning is cunningly deferred. The photographiccompositions of Jim Dine are not narratives of inner life, but forms of visual experience thatinform our ways of thinking the unconscious.------------------------------------1 Franois Soulages, Photographie avant analyse, Photographie et inconscient (31-35). In this study,Soulage primarily deals with the beginnings of photography and with its paradoxical uses in psychopathology... ...rundberg, Andy. Now, the Cameras Eye Turns Inward, in The New York Times, May 28.1989.Hamon, Philippe. Imageries.Littrature et image au XIXe sicle. Paris Jos Corti, 2001.------------------------------------19 The phrase used in the title of this article is coined after the title of one of Dines black-and-whitephotogravure prints, Clear Liquid Talking, 1996.Krauss, Rosalind.The Optical Unconscious. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 1993.Meatyard, Ralph Eugene. Caught Moments -- New Viewpoints. Exhibition catalogue. LondonOlympus Gallery, 1983.Powers, Richard. Three Framers on Their bureau to a Dance. New York W. Morrow, 1985.Sibony, Daniel. Une technique de linstant ou la machine clicher, La Recherchephotographique 7 (1990)Soulages, Franois. Photographie avant analyse, Photographie et inconscient, Soulages ed.Paris Osiris, 1986.

Is Time Travel Possible? Essay -- Space Back to the Future Science Fic

Is Time Travel Possible?Time run has always fascinated humans. The idea of being able to change the past or the coming(prenominal) creates infinite possibilities. The most common form of time travel is through the use of a time machine, although in some cases, characters with mystical powers can stock others in time. The subject of time travel has been brought up in various blockbuster movies, such as Back to the Future series, the Terminator trilogy, and even mailing and Teds Excellent Adventure.4 In the literary world, some well-known writers have written closely time travel, including H.G. Wells, Issac Asimov, Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein and Madeline LEngle. thither are songs about time travel, from George Harrisons Any Road to The Timewarp from the Rocky Horror Picture Show. Time travel is also a prominent theme in commercials and advertisements, boob tube shows, and art. In these media forms, time travel can be construed as good or bad. In some cases, the hero or heroine in the story travels cover song in time to save someone or change a bad outcome. In others, tampering with the past leads to tragedy in the future. A support topic on this is what happens if one were to meet himself in the past. Because we have no definite answers on the concept of time travel, the possibilities in entertainment are endless. Scientifically, on that point are currently three popular theories on how time travel may be possible through the use of black holes, wormholes, and cosmic strings. There are two types of black holes. Schwarzschild black holes are the more well-known and consist of a singularity at the center that crushes all matter beyond recognition. Kerr holes are rotating black holes where the singularity is formed in a ring, much like th... ...htly older while his twin has long since died of old age. The consequences of time travel on party would be tremendous. Todays moral arrangements are based on the concept that (as Shakespeare wrote) whats done cannot be undone. A society in which the correction of past mistakes or the prevention of future ones was possible would most likely have a radically different moral system less focused on the consequences of ones actions.(1)Hawking, Stephen. Lectures Space and Time Warps. .(2) Pickover, Clifford. Traveling Through Time. 2000. NOVA Online. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/time/through.html.(3)Sagan on Time Travel. 2000. NOVA Online..(4)Time Travel Transcripts. 1999. NOVA. .

Community-based Policing: The Future of Law Enforcement :: Law Enforcement Essays

OUTLINEThesisCommunity-based policing provides hope for the future of Law enforcement.I. Introduction to C.B.P.A.The roots of C.B.P.B.So what is community?II.The two elements of C.B.P. law enforcementdoctrine areA. Community partnership.B. Problem solving.III. The reaction of police to change.IV. The future of C.B.P.A. A first step in C.B.P.B. Measuring success.C. Crime prevention.V. Conclusion.INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY-BASED POLICING."In Philadelphia, a pulsating tavern juke box that has caused irate neighbors tolog 500 Police calls in six months, was moved away from a common wall with the nigh building. (Author unknown US News) The calls stopped. Though it seemssimple, such a move is at the heart of what we know as Community-based Policing.The movement toward C.B.P. has gained momentum in recent years. As Police andcommunity leaders search for more effective ways to enhance the sense of publicsafety and the quality of life in their communities. We select accepted C.B.P inone p olice department after another,and we are ready now to agree that "C.B.P.provides hope for the future of Law enforcement." We can succeed the seed of C.B.P.back to Sir Robert Peel, the father of the modern Police system, who said "thePolice is the public and the public are the Police"(Braiden). For differentreasons, the Police lost plenty of that principle defining their relationshipwith the public. Modern historians have said that the reform era in government,which started in the 1900s to combat corruption, along with the move toward theprofessional go out of police work, resulted in the separation of Police andCommunity (Kelling, Moore, pg-5)Reform style Policing emerged in the 50s and 60s with rotating shifts andfrequent movement of officers, (to prevent corruption). Random patrolling (areactive police technique) was in addition detrimental to the link between Police andpublic. The police adopted a policy of centralized control to ensure compliancewith set sta ndards, and to encourage a professional aura of impartiality. Allthese policies along with the use of automobiles, telephones, and othertechnological advances helped distance the Police more. The calls for serviceincreased as urban population and offense awareness increased, making the policealmost totally reactive. The introduction of computers only encouraged thatfalse idea of "quick" reactive response and a statistical view toward measuringsuccess in policing(rather than analyzing the local needs of the community.)By the late 70s the communities had become a diverse pool of nationalities,subcultures, and attitudes. People identified themselves as parts of separategroups and at times the Police was not part of what they called "us. Duringthis time, a burst of new ideas and changes in the sociopolitical and economic

Treatments for Depression Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

interventions for DepressionClinical drop-off is a disease that involves feelings of sadness lasting for longer than two weeks and is often accompanied by a bolshy of interest in life, hopelessness, and decreased energy. (3) Depression affects 340 million people in the world today. One in each 4 women and one in every 10 men develop depression during their lifetime. About half the cases of depression are untreated and about 10 to 15 percent of all demoralise people commit suicide. (4) There are many several(predicate) types of depression including major depression, Bipolar Disorder, Dysthymia, and Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), and there are different degrees of depression ranging from less severe to major severe. (3) There are various ways to treat depression, but what most people do not spang is that depression is one of the most treatable mental illnesses.There are a variety of drugs called antidepressants which help to increase certain neurotransmitters in your brain. There are withal various types of counseling, psychotherapy, self-help techniques, and alternative therapies to help a person overcome depression. In many cases, doctors combine different forms of therapies and treatments to produce the best result in depression cases. (1) The most widely used therapy today is antidepressants. Antidepressants are usually divided into three categories Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA), and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MOAI). (1) SSRIs raise the level of serotonin in the brain because low levels of this neurotransmitter have been connected to depression. TCAs increase the level of norepinephrine in the brain. MOAIs increase the levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in ... ... because of the many dangerous stead affects associated with them. Maybe one day there will be a recruit for depression just as we are searching for a cure for cancer or AIDS, and then people will not have to deal w ith this disease that causes them to lose 10 percent of the productive years during their lives.(4)References1)Depression Treatment and Helphttp//www.about-depression.com/treatments-for-depression/treatment-overview.php2)50+Health-Home/Treatments for Depressionhttp//www.50plushealth.co.uk/index.cfm?articleid=4613)Other Treatments for Depressionhttp//www.ehealthmd.com/library/depression/DEP_other.html4)Depression- Net, Info on Depressionhttp//www.depression-net.com/5)Major Depressive Disorder Treatmenthttp//www.mentalhealth.com/rx/p23-md01.htmlHead_26)Depression Treatment http//www.apa.org/journals/anton.html

Family and Gender Relations :: essays research papers

Assignment One Short EssayTopic Family and gender relationsDrawing on the concepts of globalization and globalism discussed in your textbooks and the Reader, address the following questionDoes globalisation represent a radically new period in valet de chambre chronicle?Jan Scholte (200039) wrote about globalisation, that the only consensus is that it is contested. race perplex held widely differing views regarding definition, scale, chronology, impact and policy (Scholte 200039). Use of the term globalisation is high and yet a common understanding of its meaning and where it fits in the history of mankind is frequently vague and based on assumption rather than evidence (Scholte 20001). Using one definition from many, of globalisation and globalism and the changes through history that sociologists have used to make sense of the phenomenon, this essay will demonstrate that while globalisation represents both a new and old period in human history, it can only be called radical in its recent state.The working definition of globalisation used in this essay, has been separated from Jan Scholtes five big definitions (200015). Deterritorialisation or supraterritorioality is based on the process of change to geography in which territorial boundaries become less important (Scholte 200016). This concept encompasses all other definitions that Scholte identified, as it has a wide focus which allows each to be occurring because of this change in geography.Robin Cohen and Paul Kennedys definitions of globalisation (Cohen and Kennedy 200011) atomic number 18 not in competition with the concept of supraterritoriality, describing it as the ways in which the world is being knitted together and the objective, external ties that bind us together.To fully understand globalisation it is necessary to differentiate it from globalism. It is described as the subjective realm, unlike globalisation which refers to a series of objective changes in the world that are part outside u s (Cohan and Kennedy 200034). To simplify, this describes the collective way in which the world views itself as a result of globalisation. Globalism is seen as a result of globalisation and as such quite a new phenomenon (Cohan and Kennedy 200034). It is quite important to make this differentiation as many times when writers are referring to globalisation as new phenomenon they are using examples that are in fact forms of globalism, a distinctly different concept.Is globalisation a new or old? Opinions on this tend to mark over while identifying different phases. Cohen and Kennedy believe that globalisation can be traced back through history, but that its processes have accelerated in recent days (Cohan and Kennedy 200034).

Family and Gender Relations :: essays research papers

Assignment One Short EssayTopic Family and gender relations draft copy on the opinions of globalization and globalism discussed in your textbooks and the Reader, address the following questionDoes globalization represent a radically new period in human fib?Jan Scholte (200039) wrote about globalisation, that the only consensus is that it is contested. People have held widely differing views regarding definition, scale, chronology, impact and policy (Scholte 200039). Use of the term globalisation is high and yet a common taste of its meaning and where it fits in the history of mankind is frequently vague and based on assumption rather than evidence (Scholte 20001). Using one definition from many, of globalisation and globalism and the changes through history that sociologists have used to make sense of the phenomenon, this essay will demonstrate that while globalisation represents both a new and experienced period in human history, it can only be called radical in its recent sta te.The working definition of globalisation used in this essay, has been detached from Jan Scholtes five broad definitions (200015). Deterritorialisation or supraterritorioality is based on the process of change to geography in which territorial boundaries become less important (Scholte 200016). This concept encompasses all other definitions that Scholte identified, as it has a wide focus which allows each to be occurring because of this change in geography.Robin Cohen and Paul Kennedys definitions of globalisation (Cohen and Kennedy 200011) ar not in opposition with the concept of supraterritoriality, describing it as the ways in which the world is being knitted unneurotic and the objective, external ties that bind us together.To fully understand globalisation it is necessary to differentiate it from globalism. It is described as the subjective realm, unlike globalisation which refers to a series of objective changes in the world that are partly outside us (Cohan and Kennedy 2000 34). To simplify, this describes the collective way in which the world views itself as a will of globalisation. Globalism is seen as a result of globalisation and as such quite a new phenomenon (Cohan and Kennedy 200034). It is quite important to make this differentiation as many times when writers are referring to globalisation as new phenomenon they are using examples that are in fact forms of globalism, a distinctly different concept.Is globalisation a new or onetime(a)? Opinions on this tend to cross over while identifying different phases. Cohen and Kennedy believe that globalisation can be traced back through history, but that its processes have intensify in recent years (Cohan and Kennedy 200034).

Adopting Thorium Energy

When it comes to thermo thermonuclear designer most people would think almost uranium. Our current state of nuclear power harnesses power through nuclear fission. The heat generated from this process boils water which drives massive steam turbines to create electricity. While this sounds exchangeable a fairly simple process the dangers it presents are massive. Reactor core meltdowns and the waste products are serious dangers the environment. There is an alternative element that can be used in place of uranium which is more than efficient, abundant, and most importantlysafer.That element is thorium. Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element. It is named after Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder. When used in a system for generating electricity its waste materials are 10 1000 times less long lived than uranium. This provides profound benefits everyplace uranium when it comes to storing waste products. Thorium provides a greater energy yield than uranium 5,0 00 tons of thorium is equivalent to about 61,000 tons of uranium. Those amounts are whats needed to provide energy to the entire planet.At this point youre probably wondering why were not using it if its safer and more powerful. Thorium has had a complicated history. Not because of any potential difference dangers it may have presented, but the potential dangers it didnt possess. Uranium based nuclear power fructifys serve another purpose. Their waste products aid in the creation of weapons. Thoriums waste products are not as easily weaponized. During the cold state of war g everyplacenments were hesitant about funding a fledgling source of energy.Instead they opted to continue to invest and expand the infrastructure of the established uranium based nuclear plants. The last government funded thorium reactor was shut down in 1973 and thorium research nearly died along with it. In short the benefits of weapons were chosen over having a safer and more energy independent future. The very nature of thorium allows for a facility orders of magnitude safer than the uranium nuclear power plants. When a nuclear power malfunctions or is damaged there is possibility of it exploding and releasing radioactive aterials into the atmosphere. The three worst nuclear power plant disasters occurred in 1979 with Three myocardial infarction Island, Pennsylvania 1986 with Chernobyl and in 2011 with the disaster in Fukushima, Japan. Chernobyl is estimated to remain uninhabitable for approximately 20,000 years while Fukushima is expected to remain so for 20 years or more. Entire cities abandoned do to the inherent danger of uranium based nuclear energy. Thorium has a sort of built-in fail-safe in that it requires highly high temperatures to operate.This is only if applys for one its safest qualities. Without going into too much detail if a thorium power plant were to lose power the devices heating its reactor tank would stop working. This would decrease the operating temperatur es of thorium and its reactions would cease. The thorium would then be drained into a collection tank through the force of gravity. contrary uranium power plants thorium has no need to use water as a coolant. In an emergency a thorium power plant can shut itself down without any human intervention.Only recently has thorium once again become a serious contender for renew uranium. As countries move to dismantle their nuclear arsenals thorium moves closer to the forefront of an energy independent future. Not all countries are as forward cerebration as others though. China is currently the most forward thinking when it comes to thorium and has already outlined plans to have a new thorium reactor by the end of the decade. Estimates show that China has enough thorium to power its electricity needs for 20,000 years.That amount of potential and safe energy is unheard of. The United States alone sits on a reserve of about 440,000 tons of thorium in storage. Remember that 5,000 tons could power the entire planet for a year. The total estimated thorium content on Earth is around 120 trillion tons. So much energy waiting to be harnessed. The United States has let politics stay put in the way of what truly matters for far too long. The main hurdle to building new thorium plants is that new regulations would have to be established first.Those who make their fortunes off the established nuclear power plants no doubt lobby politicians to prevent thorium from becoming the leading source of energy. America will ache itself if it allows other countries to gain too much of a head start in thorium energy research. Though thorium is not without its hurdles its potential cannot be denied or ignored any longer. Its extremely energy dense. There will never be a shortage of it. Its improbably safe. The waste products are less long lived and cannot be made into weapons. Like the Norse god it was named after thorium is set to take the world by storm.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty-eight

DaenerysWings shadowed her fever dreams.You dont privation to wake the genus Draco, do you?She was walking stilt a long hall beneath high rock and roll arches. She could non savour behind her, must not look behind her. There was a door a spike of her, tiny with distance, but even from afar, she adage that it was painted red. She walked faster, and her b are feet left bloody footprints on the stone.You dont want to wake the dragon, do you?She saw sunlight on the Dothraki sea, the living plain, rich with the smells of earth and death. horn in stirred the grasses, and they rippled give care water. Drogo held her in strong munition, and his hand stroked her sex and opened her and woke that sweet wetness that was his alone, and the stars smiled charge on them, stars in a daylight sky. Home, she verbalise as he entered her and filled her with his seed, but suddenly the stars were gone, and across the blue sky swept the great go, and the world took flame. . . . dont want to wak e the dragon, do you?Ser Jorahs expect was drawn and sorrowful. Rhaegar was the last dragon, he t sexagenarian her. He warmed translucent hands over a glowing brazier where stone globes smouldered red as coals. One flake he was there and the next he was fading, his signifier colorless, less substantial than the wind. The last dragon, he speak, thin as a wisp, and was gone. She snarl the dark behind her, and the red door seemed farther away than ever. . . . dont want to wake the dragon, do you?Viserys stood before her, screaming. The dragon does not beg, slut. You do not curb the dragon. I am the dragon, and I bequeath be crowned. The molten g obsolete trickled down his face deal wax, slueing deep channels in his flesh. I am the dragon and I will be crowned he shrieked, and his fingers snapped like snakes, biting at her nipples, pinching, twisting, even as his eyes burst and ran like jelly down seared and blackened cheeks. . . . dont want to wake the dragon . . . The red do or was so far ahead of her, and she could sapidity the icy hint behind, sweeping up on her. If it caught her she would live a death that was more than death, howling forever alone in the lousiness. She began to run. . . . dont want to wake the dragon . . . She could feel the heat inside her, a terrible burning in her womb. Her news was tall and proud, with Drogos cop skin and her own silver-gold cop, violet eyes shaped like almonds. And he smiled for her and began to lift his hand toward hers, but when he opened his m bring outh the fire poured out. She saw his heart burning through his chest, and in an instant he was gone, consumed like a moth by a pottydle, turned to ash. She wept for her pip-squeak, the promise of a sweet mouth on her breast, but her tears turned to steam as they touched her skin. . . . want to wake the dragon . . . Ghosts lined the hallway, dressed in the faded rai custodyt of kings. In their hands were swords of pale fire. They had hair of silver and h air of gold and hair of platinum white, and their eyes were opal and amethyst, tourmaline and jade. Faster, they cried, faster, faster. She raced, her feet melting the stone wherever they touched. Faster the ghosts cried as one, and she screamed and threw herself forward. A great knife of pain ripped down her suffer, and she tangle her skin tear open and smelled the stench of burning blood and saw the shadow of wings. And Daenerys Targaryen flew. . . . wake the dragon . . . The door loomed before her, the red door, so close, so close, the hall was a blur around her, the cold receding behind. And now the stone was gone and she flew across the Dothraki sea, high and higher, the green rippling beneath, and all that lived and hard fled in terror from the shadow of her wings. She could smell home, she could see it, there, just beyond that door, green fields and great stone houses and arms to keep her warm, there. She threw open the door. . . . the dragon . . . And saw her brother Rhae gar, mounted on a stallion as black as his armor. Fire glimmered red through the narrow eye shit of his helm. The last dragon, Ser Jorahs voice whispered faintly. The last, the last. Dany lifted his polished black visor. The face at heart was her own.After that, for a long time, there was still the pain, the fire within her, and the whisperings of stars.She woke to the taste of ashes.No, she moaned, no, please.Khaleesi? Jhiqui hovered over her, a dismayed doe.The tent was drenched in shadow, salvage and close. Flakes of ash drifted upward from a brazier, and Dany take noteed them with her eyes through the smoke wad above. Flying, she thought. I had wings, I was flying. But it was only a dream. Help me, she whispered, struggling to rise. Bring me . . . Her voice was raw as a wound, and she could not think what she wanted. wherefore did she hurt so much? It was as if her body had been torn to pieces and remade from the scraps. I want . . . Yes, Khaleesi. Quick as that Jhiqui was gone, bolting from the tent, shouting. Dany needed . . . something . . . someone . . . what? It was important, she knew. It was the only thing in the world that mattered. She rolled onto her side and got an elbow under her, fighting the blanket tangled just about her legs. It was so hard to move. The world swam dizzily. I have to . . .They instal her on the carpet, crawling toward her dragon eggs. Ser Jorah Mormont lifted her in his arms and carried her back to her sleeping silks, while she struggled feebly against him. Over his shoulder she saw her ternary handmaids, Jhogo with his infinitesimal wisp of must have, and the flat broad face of Mirri Maz Duur. I must, she tried to tell them, I have to . . . . . . sleep, Princess, Ser Jorah said.No, Dany said. Please. Please.Yes. He covered her with silk, though she was burning. Sleep and grow strong again, Khaleesi. deduce back to us. And then Mirri Maz Duur was there, the maegi, tipping a cup against her lips. She tasted so ur milk, and something else, something thick and bitter. Warm liquid ran down her chin. Somehow she swallowed. The tent grew dimmer, and sleep took her again. This time she did not dream. She floated, calm and at peace, on a black sea that knew no shore.After a timea night, a day, a year, she could not sayshe woke again. The tent was dark, its silken walls flapping like wings when the wind gusted outside. This time Dany did not attempt to rise. Irri, she called, Jhiqui. Doreah. They were there at once. My throat is dry, she said, so dry, and they brought her water. It was warm and flat, nonetheless Dany drank it eagerly, and displace Jhiqui for more. Irri dampened a soft cloth and stroked her brow. I have been sick, Dany said. The Dothraki girl nodded. How long? The cloth was soothing, but Irri seemed so sad, it frightened her. Long, she whispered. When Jhiqui returned with more water, Mirri Maz Duur came with her, eyes heavy from sleep. Drink, she said, lifting Danys head to the cup once more, but this time it was only wine. Sweet, sweet wine. Dany drank, and lay back, listening to the soft sound of her own breathing. She could feel the heaviness in her limbs, as sleep crept in to fill her up once more. Bring me . . . she murmured, her voice slurred and drowsy. Bring . . . I want to hold . . . Yes? the maegi asked. What is it you wish, Khaleesi?Bring me . . . egg . . . dragons egg . . . please . . . Her lashes turned to lead, and she was too weary to hold them up.When she woke the third time, a shaft of golden sunlight was pouring through the smoke hole of the tent, and her arms were wrapped around a dragons egg. It was the pale one, its scales the color of butter cream, veined with whorls of gold and bronze, and Dany could feel the heat of it. Beneath her bedsilks, a fine sheen of perspiration covered her bare skin. Dragondew, she thought. Her fingers trailed lightly across the surface of the shell, tracing the wisps of gold, and deep in the stone she felt something twist and stretch in response. It did not frighten her. All her fear was gone, burned away.Dany touched her brow. Under the film of sweat, her skin was cool to the touch, her fever gone. She made herself sit. There was a moment of dizziness, and the deep ache between her thighs. Yet she felt strong. Her maids came running at the sound of her voice. Water, she told them, a flagon of water, cold as you can find it. And fruit, I think. Dates.As you say, Khaleesi.I want Ser Jorah, she said, standing. Jhiqui brought a sandsilk robe and draped it over her shoulders. And a warm bath, and Mirri Maz Duur, and . . . Memory came back to her all at once, and she faltered. Khal Drogo, she forced herself to say, watching their faces with dread. Is he&mdash?The khal lives, Irri answered quietly . . . til now Dany saw a darkness in her eyes when she said the words, and no sooner had she spoken than she rushed away to fetch water.She turned to Doreah. Tell me.I . . . I shall bring S er Jorah, the Lysene girl said, bowing her head and fleeing the tent.Jhiqui would have run as well, but Dany caught her by the wrist and held her captive. What is it? I must know. Drogo . . . and my child. why had she not remembered the child until now? My son . . . Rhaego . . . where is he? I want him.Her handmaid lowered her eyes. The boy . . . he did not live, Khaleesi. Her voice was a frightened whisper.Dany released her wrist. My son is dead, she thought as Jhiqui left the tent. She had known somehow. She had known since she woke the scratch line off time to Jhiquis tears. No, she had known before she woke. Her dream came back to her, sudden and vivid, and she remembered the tall man with the copper skin and long silver-gold braid, bursting into flame.She should weep, she knew, yet her eyes were dry as ash. She had wept in her dream, and the tears had turned to steam on her cheeks. All the grief has been burned out of me, she told herself. She felt sad, and yet . . . she coul d feel Rhaego receding from her, as if he had never been.Ser Jorah and Mirri Maz Duur entered a few moments later, and found Dany standing over the other dragons eggs, the two still in their chest. It seemed to her that they felt as hot as the one she had slept with, which was passing strange. Ser Jorah, come here, she said. She took his hand and placed it on the black egg with the scarlet swirls. What do you feel?Shell, hard as rock. The knight was wary. Scales.Heat?No. Cold stone. He took his hand away. Princess, are you well? Should you be up, weak as you are?Weak? I am strong, Jorah. To please him, she reclined on a pile of cushions. Tell me how my child died.He never lived, my princess. The women say . . . He faltered, and Dany saw how the flesh hung loose on him, and the way he limped when he moved.Tell me. Tell me what the women say. He turned his face away. His eyes were haunted. They say the child was . . . She waited, but Ser Jorah could not say it. His face grew dark wit h shame. He looked half a corpse himself.Monstrous, Mirri Maz Duur finished for him. The knight was a powerful man, yet Dany understood in that moment that the maegi was stronger, and crueler, and infinitely more dangerous. Twisted. I drew him forth myself. He was scaled like a lizard, blind, with the stub of a tail and small leather wings like the wings of a bat. When I touched him, the flesh sloughed off the bone, and inside he was full of graveworms and the stink of corruption. He had been dead for years.Darkness, Dany thought. The terrible darkness sweeping up behind to devour her. If she looked back she was lost. My son was alive and strong when Ser Jorah carried me into this tent, she said. I could feel him kicking, fighting to be born.That may be as it may be, answered Mirri Maz Duur, yet the creature that came forth from your womb was as I said. Death was in that tent, Khaleesi.Only shadows, Ser Jorah husked, but Dany could hear the doubt in his voice. I saw, maegi. I saw yo u, alone, dancing with the shadows. The grave casts long shadows, Iron Lord, Mirri said. Long and dark, and in the end no light can hold them back.Ser Jorah had killed her son, Dany knew. He had do what he did for love and loyalty, yet he had carried her into a place no living man should go and fed her baby to the darkness. He knew it too the colourize face, the hollow eyes, the limp. The shadows have touched you too, Ser Jorah, she told him. The knight made no reply. Dany turned to the godswife. You warned me that only death could pay for sprightliness. I thought you meant the horse.No, Mirri Maz Duur said. That was a lie you told yourself. You knew the price.Had she? Had she? If I look back I am lost. The price was paid, Dany said. The horse, my child, Quaro and Qotho, Haggo and Cohollo. The price was paid and paid and paid. She rose from her cushions. Where is Khal Drogo? Show him to me, godswife, maegi, bloodmage, whatever you are. Show me Khal Drogo. Show me what I bought wit h my sons life.As you command, Khaleesi, the old woman said. Come, I will take you to him.Dany was weaker than she knew. Ser Jorah slipped an arm around her and helped her stand. Time enough for this later, my princess, he said quietly.I would see him now, Ser Jorah.After the dimness of the tent, the world outside was blinding bright. The sun burned like molten gold, and the land was seared and empty. Her handmaids waited with fruit and wine and water, and Jhogo moved close to help Ser Jorah underpin her. Aggo and Rakharo stood behind. The glare of sun on sand made it hard to see more, until Dany raised her hand to shade her eyes. She saw the ashes of a fire, a few take a shit horses milling listlessly and searching for a bite of grass, a scattering of tents and bedrolls. A small crowd of children had gathered to watch her, and beyond she glimpsed women going about their work, and withered old men staring at the flat blue sky with tired eyes, swatting feebly at bloodflies. A coun t might orient a hundred people, no more. Where the other forty thousand had made their camp, only the wind and dust lived now.Drogos khalasar is gone, she said.A khal who cannot ride is no khal, said Jhogo.The Dothraki follow only the strong, Ser Jorah said. I am sorry, my princess. There was no way to hold them. Ko Pono left first, naming himself Khal Pono, and many followed him. Jhaqo was not long to do the same. The residue slipped away night by night, in large bands and small. There are a dozen new khalasars on the Dothraki sea, where once there was only Drogos.The old remain, said Aggo. The frightened, the weak, and the sick. And we who swore. We remain.They took Khal Drogos herds, Khaleesi, Rakharo said. We were too few to stop them. It is the right of the strong to take from the weak. They took many slaves as well, the khals and yours, yet they left some few.Eroeh? asked Dany, remembering the frightened child she had saved outside the city of the Lamb Men.Mago seized her, who is Khal Jhaqos bloodrider now, said Jhogo. He mounted her high and low and gave her to his khal, and Jhaqo gave her to his other bloodriders. They were six. When they were done with her, they cut her throat.It was her fate, Khaleesi, said Aggo.If I look back I am lost. It was a cruel fate, Dany said, yet not so cruel as Magos will be. I promise you that, by the old gods and the new, by the lamb god and the horse god and every god that lives. I swear it by the Mother of Mountains and the Womb of the World. Before I am done with them, Mago and Ko Jhaqo will plead for the mercy they showed Eroeh.The Dothraki exchanged uncertain glances. Khaleesi, the handmaid Irri explained, as if to a child, Jhaqo is a khal now, with twenty thousand riders at his back.She lifted her head. And I am Daenerys Stormhorn, Daenerys of House Targaryen, of the blood of Aegon the Conqueror and Maegor the Cruel and old Valyria before them. I am the dragons daughter, and I swear to you, these men will die s creaming. Now bring me to Khal Drogo.He was lying on the bare red earth, staring up at the sun.A dozen bloodflies had settled on his body, though he did not seem to feel them. Dany brushed them away and knelt beside him. His eyes were wide open but did not see, and she knew at once that he was blind. When she whispered his name, he did not seem to hear. The wound on his breast was as healed as it would ever be, the scar that covered it grey and red and hideous.Why is he out here alone, in the sun? she asked them.He seems to like the warmth, Princess, Ser Jorah said. His eyes follow the sun, though he does not see it. He can walk after a fashion. He will go where you lead him, but no farther. He will eat if you put food in his mouth, drink if you dribble water on his lips.Dany kissed her sun-and-stars gently on the brow, and stood to face Mirri Maz Duur. Your spells are costly, maegi.He lives, said Mirri Maz Duur. You asked for life. You paid for life.This is not life, for one who wa s as Drogo was. His life was laughter, and meat roasting over a firepit, and a horse between his legs. His life was an arakh in his hand and his bells ringing in his hair as he rode to meet an enemy. His life was his bloodriders, and me, and the son I was to give him.Mirri Maz Duur made no reply.When will he be as he was? Dany demanded.When the sun rises in the double-u and sets in the east, said Mirri Maz Duur. When the seas go dry and mountains blow in the wind like leaves. When your womb quickens again, and you have on a living child. Then he will return, and not before.Dany gestured at Ser Jorah and the others. Leave us. I would speak with this maegi alone. Mormont and the Dothraki withdrew. You knew, Dany said when they were gone. She ached, inside and out, but her fury gave her strength. You knew what I was buying, and you knew the price, and yet you let me pay it.It was wrong of them to burn my temple, the heavy, flat-nosed woman said placidly. That angered the Great Shephe rd.This was no gods work, Dany said coldly. If I look back I am lost. You cheated me. You murdered my child within me.The stallion who mounts the world will burn no cities now. His khalasar shall trample no nations into dust.I spoke for you, she said, anguished. I saved you.Saved me? The Lhazareen woman spat. Three riders had taken me, not as a man takes a woman but from behind, as a dog takes a bitch. The fourth was in me when you rode past. How then did you save me? I saw my gods house burn, where I had healed good men beyond counting. My home they burned as well, and in the street I saw tons of heads. I saw the head of a baker who made my bread. I saw the head of a boy I had saved from deadeye fever, only three moons past. I heard children crying as the riders drove them off with their whips. Tell me again what you saved.Your life.Mirri Maz Duur laughed cruelly. Look to your khal and see what life is worth, when all the rest is gone.Dany called out for the men of her khas and bi d them take Mirri Maz Duur and bind her hand and foot, but the maegi smiled at her as they carried her off, as if they shared a secret. A word, and Dany could have her head off . . . yet then what would she have? A head? If life was worthless, what was death?They led Khal Drogo back to her tent, and Dany commanded them to fill a tub, and this time there was no blood in the water. She bathed him herself, washing the dirt and the dust from his arms and chest, cleaning his face with a soft cloth, soaping his long black hair and combing the knots and tangles from it till it shone again as she remembered. It was well past dark before she was done, and Dany was exhausted. She stopped for drink and food, but it was all she could do to nibble at a fig and keep down a mouthful of water. Sleep would have been a release, but she had slept enough . . . too long, in truth. She owed this night to Drogo, for all the nights that had been, and yet might be.The memory of their first ride was with her when she led him out into the darkness, for the Dothraki believed that all things of importance in a mans life must be done beneath the open sky. She told herself that there were powers stronger than hatred, and spells cured and truer than any the maegi had learned in Asshai. The night was black and moonless, but overhead a million stars burned bright. She took that for an omen.No soft blanket of grass welcomed them here, only the hard dusty ground, bare and strewn with stones. No trees stirred in the wind, and there was no stream to soothe her fears with the gentle music of water. Dany told herself that the stars would be enough. Remember, Drogo, she whispered. Remember our first ride together, the day we wed. Remember the night we made Rhaego, with the khalasar all around us and your eyes on my face. Remember how cool and clean the water was in the Womb of the World. Remember, my sun-and-stars. Remember, and come back to me.The birth had left her too raw and torn to take him ins ide of her, as she would have wanted, but Doreah had taught her other ways. Dany utilise her hands, her mouth, her breasts. She raked him with her nails and covered him with kisses and whispered and prayed and told him stories, and by the end she had bathed him with her tears. Yet Drogo did not feel, or speak, or rise.And when the bleak dawn broke over an empty horizon, Dany knew that he was truly lost to her. When the sun rises in the west and sets in the east, she said sadly. When the seas go dry and mountains blow in the wind like leaves. When my womb quickens again, and I bear a living child. Then you will return, my sun-and-stars, and not before.Never, the darkness cried, never never never.Inside the tent Dany found a cushion, soft silk stuffed with feathers. She clutched it to her breasts as she walked back out to Drogo, to her sun-and-stars. If I look back I am lost. It hurt even to walk, and she wanted to sleep, to sleep and not to dream.She knelt, kissed Drogo on the lips , and pressed the cushion down across his face.

Associates Capstone Essay

Executive SummaryIn waiver through approximately of things regarding buying the trading I think Mike should make sure that the coffee shop is up to code. He should talk to officials about required standards, for runnel a coffee shop, licenses the different laws for having the shop in Sunnydale, Illinois, totally of leave behind be needed and bequeath friend to keep the restaurant running puritanically inside and out. It is also important that he reviews separately file for all employees do sure all documents that be needed for hire argon there, nurture through and makeing the difference in their duties and the performance prior to him buying the shop and respond fit inly and whatever decisions he makes with each one or if hiring new document all that is done to c everywhere himself within the law. Going through the business files and reading the comments intermitn by customers is important for this go out help to give him proper information on what is liked and disl ike about the coffee shop and making a purpose to change things or croak new things to keep them satisfied and coming back, for ex as accepting credit cards for payments as well as cash.Going more into the business files checking on the finances and accounting is important to be sure all is accounted for, profits are being make and what the next plan would be according to what is found. This will also help in what they are spending for supplies and necessities and where he bum save money and work it for separate things needed, also go over the income percentage to see where they tidy sum change prices and get remedy ideas compare the coffee shop to the competitors place and prices. Also make sure all appliances are up to date and properly handle according to code. After reviewing all of these things an going forward making a proper business plan and procedures of paltry forward will give Mike a properly ran business with happy customers coming in and employees glad to keep it running and making profits.RegulationsIn reviewing some of the personnel files on the employees it seems you will fool to definitely put together a company/employee/personnel manual. This will help with the government regulations for the give tongue to in which the coffee shop is in and it will also spell out what the Company will expect of the employees and what they expect in terms of benefits and opposite topics related to employment. (The Complete Idiots Guide to Starting Your profess Business, page 203). Be sure that when creating this manual you have included all the requisite rules that you want and intend to enforce, (no drinking on the job, no smoking in the breakplace, excessive tardiness, or absenteeism, no sexual harassment, no discrimination in the workplace, no stealing and all other rules that will be enforced, then have a meeting with the current employees and any new employee to review before get started and have them each sign it to keep in their personne l files. This will let them know that you intend to enforce these rules and if not followed the consequences could be termination.Management commencement thing I would do is prepare a business plan, Mike is considered the Strategic Manager for the coffee shop and he will need to bring forth a plan, organize it, lead it and control the outcome of all that will discover within the business. He will need to focus on the presbyopic term goals of the shop and once he has these washstand move forward in communicating with the employees. He will then need to meet with each of the employees individually to go over their files, be sure to update them with all proper paperwork and they are legal to work. When discussing things with them do not bring up person-to-person topics marital status, race, religion, etc. for this would be a violation and is not permitted during any type of interview or meeting with an existing employee or new employee.You privy let them know the good things abo ut working for you at the shop and even some things that are not so good, make sure the employee knows what work they will be doing and agrees to it and they will be able to perform these duties, you can also see if they have questions regarding the manual and portion out care of it at that indorsement have them sign indicating they have read and understand it. I think he should also review the break room and clean it up putt up the proper documents on the board and extend down all that unnecessary stuff on it. He needs to have posted the proper documents of the law with minimum wage and health. The only other thing up there could be the schedule and notes of reminders of what needs to be done. He then should take care of the stock room and office to have them both properly cleaned up things in right places. in one case all these things have been accomplished it will make for a better organized area and easier for him to control and lead his employees and have a well established running coffee shop.Finance and beReviewing the finances is important it seems they have a very high salary expense (for a coffee shop) and supplies expense that needs attending to. This means checking with other suppliers and their prices. As for the salaries we would need to go over everyones positions held and the salary they are being paid and make sure it fits with their positions and pay scale. As I move going through the files I noticed the income tax/employment tax and other forms were still from 2006, need to get all those updated from previous owner or get them taken care of and all fiscal and payroll taxes to date. Not filing properly for state taxes/employment/unemployment is a violation and subject to penalties. I would also review the loan that was taken out on the freezer and be sure all payments had been made previously on time and see what the payoff is, he may be able to save monies on paying it off then paying the extra interest each month. Once all of these are reviewed and items that need attention either corrected or forms filled out and all things brought to date, Mike will have a better understanding of the numbers and all within in the business to get him started and ready to go.Make the decisions on what actions need to be taken to achieve these goals. This is part of the strategic planning of the long term goals for the company it covers major portions of the company. Organizing, Joe will have to get organize the departments, get the right people in place, create the proper systems needed to properly run the company, bring together all resources needed to have it run properly. Now he will have to take these and lead his employees under him to want to be there and work and give there all, with motivation and communication. He will maintain good contact with them to give them what they need to keep the company running properly with all he has organized.Proper leading of employees will help to give more of themselves to produce timbe r work by giving guidance and inspiration to them. Leading takes place in many areas of the business not just from the top, also from teams, divisions and departments. He will also set values and mission with his leading. Now the last part of the management function is controlling, taking all of the planning, organizing and leading and controlling it to keep it functional. whole the other functions isnt the success of the company it is the monitoring the performance and make changes where necessary. He needs to make sure the plans are being used and goals are being met within the company, also needs feedback in all areas so that he can make changes, to processes, procedures where needed.Financial StatementsChecking to be sure all the financial statements have been done and balanced is very important. In checking the business files it seems they balanced but not all were completed, this will help to know where the business stands and where changes could be made. There are 4 parts to the financial statements, income statement, balance sheet, cash escapes and owners equity. I only noticed 2 of the 4 mentioned in the business files each one of these statements has its own meaning that should be understood even if Mike plans to have someone else handle it, income statement will let him know whether or not the business is profitable, it totals the revenue and then subtracts the expenses associated with making that revenue results being the pretax profit and after taxes are paid net income.These statements can be done monthly, yearly, quarterly or year to date, I think for Mike monthly would be good for it will show how much he has sold and what it cost to create the sales each month. The balance sheet is a snapshot of how things are at a particular moment, shows the amount of assets and liabilities at a particular point and time, where his income statement shows the flow of money in and out of the company in a specific time frame. His cash flow statement could be the most important for it will tell him whether or not he has enough cash to pay the bills. This statement will glitter investments, borrowing, etc. and other balance sheet changes. The key challenge is that he will need to keep more cash coming in than going out especially with just starting out. His owners equity will be the portion of the balance sheet which shows what is left over when all liabilities are subtracted from all assets. This is the number he wants to maximize because it can reflect the book value of his company. Once Mike has reviewed all of these and are updated he will know what changes will need to be made within the coffee shop from many points.Problem SolvingProblem solving and decision making are very important factors in every managers or persons within their business, even in the Coffee Shop for Mike. He will have things that happen or a daily basis and even on an hourly basis in which his skills as the owner and manger are in demand. He may at first with m any as a reaction to things react against it, which can cause a downward spiral. He may whole step at the past and use the old way to fix a current line and that usually doesnt work. Mike will need to have a planned approach and then execute it.By doing this he will avoid having the same problem over and over again and use doesnt continually solve a different problem the same way as the other. There are a few approaches he can take, he can define the problem, look at the potential causes, find different ways to solving the problem, choose which solution is best, make the action plan and then monitor and verify the solution. By doing these things it will help to ensure all is working properly as it should after the solution has been decided. Mike can use these basic steps in his new role as Owner/Manager of the Coffee Shop, making this plan to solve a problem and the decision will make for a better team in the Coffee Shop.Reference(s)Management, Bateman and Snell, Chapter 1 and Cha pter 4, 2010 http//ezinearticles.com/?Top-Level-of-Management&id=20181389 The Complete Idiots Guide to Starting Your Own Business, Fourth Edition by Edward Paulson http//www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/article/87158.aspx

Employment At Will Doctrine Essay

Summarize the troth-at- pull up stakes philosophy and evaluate each of the eight (8) scenarios described by determining The employment-at-will doctrine states that an employee can be fired or released from a lodge for cause or no cause at all. The employee also has the right to quit a job for any reason. Under this legislation, neither the employer or employee incurs adverse legal consequences (NCSL, 2014). There are three exceptions that are observed by the legal philosophy to overwhelm a dismissal that violates a states public constitution, where thither is an implied contract for employment, or where there is an implied covenant of good faith and fair transaction (Muhl, 2001, p4). People can non be fired based on the individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012, p134). An individual can also non be fired based on a disability or due to filing a workmans comp claim.Imagine you are a recently-hired tribal chief Operating Officer (COO) in a midsize company preparing for an Initial Public Offering (IPO). You quickly discover multiple personnel problems that require your immediate attention. As an astute manager, you will need to analyze the employment-at-will doctrine and determine what, if any, exceptions and liabilities exist before taking any action. oWhether you can legally fire the employee include an judgment of any pertinent exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine. oWhat action you should take to limit liability and impact on operations specify which ethical theory best supports your decision.John affix a rant on his Facebook page in which he criticized the companys most important customer. Johns actions took place on his suffer time, and the teaching was posted on his personal site. The action from the company would depend on whether John bear the post and none of his coworkers chimed in or concord with him, or if soulfulness did agree with him. Concerted activity is protected under the law but n ot g unscramblets and groaning from one employee. According to Eidelson (2012), concerted activity will take different forms for different workers. Quite simply put, Johns post could cause a loss of business for the company or so far a disgruntled customer, not to mention the companys most important customer. The company would be protected in firing him. I made this decision based on the Ethicsof Care. John made a comment about our most important customer, and it is the companys business to represent sure the customer continues to be our most important customer.Jim direct an email to other gross revenue state professing a change in commission schedules and bonuses and suggesting everyone boycott the next sales meeting. Jims case is interesting. The answer to firing him is it depends. If Jim is disgruntled and just decided to send out an email to all of his coworkers to get them roweled up, then he could be fired legally. However, if he had been talking to other employees and the n sent them an email to further talk about actions to take, he would be protected under the law as protected concerted activity (Eidelson, 2012). Also, the judge may look at Jims case to see if he talked with any of the upper circumspection about concerns before trying to get others to boycott. The judge would check to see if Jim was part of a union as well. In one case where an employee sent an email, the judge ruled that her firing was legal, because her email merely expressed an individual gripe rather than any mete outd concerns about working conditions (Newby, 2013).Since this description did not say that other employees joined in with Jim, the judge would rule that his firing was legal. After firing Jim, I would call a meeting with the rest of the employees to make sure that Jims attitude towards the company had not spread to others and to try to find some solutions if it had. I made this decision based on the faithfulness Ethics model. Ellen started a blog to protest the C EOs bonus, noting that no one below director has gotten a raise in two (2) days and portraying her bosses as know-nothings and out-of-touch. Ellen started a blog to protest the CEOs bonus. The employer would need to make sure that Ellens post had not been commented on by other employees who were in agreement with her. The company should also look to its social media policy if it has one. The employer could be covered if the policy states that employees cannot speak derogatorily about their boss or coworkers online.The National Labor Relations Act states that workers sacrifice the right to discuss their wages and conditions of employment however, griping or ranting by a single employee is not protected (Rogers, 2013). Ellen stepped across the line by criticizing the CEO of the company and calling him names. This could cause a rift in the company and lower morale. The company would be justified in firing Ellen. I would do this based on Deontology which focuses on rights and duties,t elling the truth and fairness (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012, p17). putz has been using his company-issued BlackBerry to run his own business on the side. Bill was given the company-issued BlackBerry to use for work. As I read in most articles, it is expected that in this digital age employees will use their employers equipment for some type of personal use. Most companies have policies on the use of company equipment. If Bill is a good employee, there is no loss of productivity, and the majority of his personal business is taking place during off-time, Bill should not be fired, and it would not be deemed legal, unless the companys policy says something different.The companys policy should be clearly communicated to all employees and and be consistently enforced as well (BizFilings, 2012). Bill should be aware that the employer generally can monitor, listen in and record employee phone calls on employer owned phones to include voice mail and text messages (Bussing, 2011). So if his empl oyer found that he was exchanging insider information about the company through the company BlackBerry, they would be justified in firing him. I chose this course of action based on Virtue Ethics. If Bill feels his employer trusts him, he will most likely remain trustworthy and honest to the company.The secretaries in the accounting department decided to dress in black-and-white grade insignia to protest a memo announcing that the company has installed keylogger software on all company computers. The secretaries could not be legally fired in this instance. The secretaries would also be covered under the National Labor Relations Act. They are silently protesting the keylogger software. There is more than one person involved in this silent protest and they have the right to discuss conditions of employment (Rogers, 2013). I chose this based on the Ethics of Care. The secretaries obviously do not agree with a new mathematical operation in the workplace. The upper management should no t come down on them for that. The secretaries are quietly organizing themselves, and they should have the right to disagree.After being disciplined for criticizing a customer in an email (sent from his personal email account on a company computer), Joe threatens to sue the company for invasion of privacy. Company computers are company computers. The company has the right to information that is sent on its computers, especially during work hours. Joe should not be discussing work business through his personal emails. Joe would not be covered under the FirstAmendment, because it protects all of us from the government, not from private companies (NOLO, 2014). I chose this action based on Free Market Ethics. This model focuses on what is good for the company. Joe cannot stay with the company while criticizing the customers, especially through his personal email at work. If the company keeps Joe around and the information gets out, it could lose more than it would by letting him go.One o f the department executive programs requests your approval to fire his secretary for insubordination. Since the secretary has always received glowing reviews, you call her into your office and determine that she has refused to prepare mendacious expense reports for her boss. The secretarys firing would not be justified in this situation. Although the secretary is an employee at will who could be fired for cause or no reason at all, it appears that the secretary is being retaliated against for refusing to prepare corrupt documents. The secretarys reviews have always been great, so there is no front of a developmental plan or previous violations of company policy. The company most likely has some type of policy for progressive discipline, so if the supervisor did not follow the plan to the letter, the firing would not be justified. I chose this action based on Deontology. The employer has the obligation to be honest and to remain unchanging to universal principles (Halbert & Ingul li, 2012, p17).Annas boss refused to sign her leave request for jury duty and now wants to fire her for being absent without permission. Annas boss could not legally fire her due to serving jury duty. Most states obliterate employers from firing or disciplining employees called to serve on a jury and some states prohibit employers from trying to discourage or intimidate employees from serving (NOLO, 2014). Annas boss could be held in contempt of hail if Anna did not show up to court because of her employers decision (Gordon, 2012). I chose this action based on Utilitarianism, because the choice of firing Anna due to attending jury duty may have a detrimental effect on the entire workplace. As you proceed with your investigation, you discover the company has no whistleblower policy.Take a position on whether or not you would recommend to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) that the company adopt a whistleblower policy. Support the position. I would recommend to the CEO that the comp any adopt a whistleblower policy. It is important to have such a policy so that people know the proper steps to take when disclosinginformation of fault in the workplace and know that they will be protected for sharing such information. In the situation between the supervisor and his secretary, a whistleblowing policy could have exposed the issue earlier. It seemed that the secretary did not tell anyone about the supervisor pressuring her to create false documents, until she was faced with losing her job.Justify at least three (3) central items that should be include in a whistleblower policy. Provide a rationale for your selection of each of the three (3) recommended items. The first item that should be included in a whistleblower policy is the responsibility to disclose that information to appropriate parties inside the organization (Barnett, 1992). The employees are the ones who are going to see the actus reus most likely. Without laying the responsibility on the employees, th ey may not know how important it is to the company and may not feel supported in their efforts to share information. This part of the policy should also include that the process will take place within the organization and that all information given should be through so in good faith (Barnett, 1992). The second item that should be included in a whistleblowing policy is a group of neutral people outside the chain of command as complaint recipients (Barnett, 1992).This should make people feel more comfortable sharing violations, because they dont have to busy about backlash from sharing information. It would make it much harder for an employee to disclose information to the group if he knew the person he was telling on was best friends with someone on the committee. Finally, the policy should outline the steps of the investigation process and give assurance to the whistleblower that there will be no adverse employment consequences (Barnett, 1992). The Whistleblower Acts should also be included in the employee handbook so that employees not only understand the policy within their current workplace, but as it is stated by the government. The employee will know what is covered and what is not.ReferencesBarnett, T. (1992). Why Your Company Should Have a Whistleblowing Policy.Retrieved May 4th, 2014, from http//ethics.csc.ncsu.edu /old/12_00/basics/whistle/rst/wstlblo_policy.html BizFilings. (2012). Using Policies to predict Employees Personal Use of BusinessEquipment. Retrieved May 4th, 2014, from

Digitalis Toxicity Report

The accounts of digitalis glycoside toxicity callable to overdose in 1985 cook 1,015 cases including 584 endurings that be downstairs 6 years old and 56 patients aging 6-17 years old. The greater bring out of these documented toxicity cases (83%) come about without the inclination of overdosing (Kwon, 2006). The prevalence of digitalis toxicity had a rising trend for some time until it was acknowledged in the early 1990s that reduction in toxicity cases was observed. Among the studies that concluded the decreased cases of digitalis toxicity was the research conducted by Haynes et al.In there study, it was noted that the cases of digitalis toxicity in unify States and United Kingdom manifested a decreasing trend in the past two decades. Hospitalizations in relation to digitalis toxicity were notably reduced in United States whereas in United Kingdom the cases of ambulatory digitalis toxicity also lessened. The decreased incidence of digitalis toxicity in the U. S. is correla ted to the diminished administration of this drug. The dilemma due to digitalis toxicity has significantly reduced in the two above mentioned countries (Haynes, et al, 2008).Though incidence of digitalis toxicity is turning to the decreasing side it is no cerebrate to disregard the threats of toxicity that consumers of this mall are exposed to. Digitalis is drug extracted from the leaves of the flora called Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). The utilization of foxglove as a medicinal plant already exists for centuries. But the popularity of this plant was not that intense until an English botanist and physician named William Withering in the 1700s pioneered the establishing of digitalis as a cardiac drug.This doctor conducted a detailed study of digitalis. Withering was also responsible for the determination of the most depressionive preparation of the drug as well as the correct dosages for various heart ailments. This English physician was also responsible for the setting up the s tandards of when to abort the therapy using digitalis because of its toxic effect (NetIndustries, 2008). The temper of action of digitoxin involves the inhibition of the Na-K ATPase in myocytes to increase heart muscles contractility.The drug attach to the binding sites situated in the extra cytoplasm of the sodium- and potassium- trip adenosine triphosphate (Na-K ATPase) pump preventing the active convert of Na and K across the cell membranes. The vector suming high concentrations of sodium and calcium as well as the low amounts of potassium in the intracellular part of the muscle cell promotes the fourth stage myocardial action potential creating a decreased conduction velocity and amplification of ectopic activity.The end result boost in the contractility of heart muscles due to the action of digitalis is beneficial to various heart ailments (Kwon, 2006). This is utilized as a drug therapy for heart problems. This substance is specifically indicated in cases of persistent sys tolic heart failure symptoms despite the administration of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and beta blocker and, cases of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation.The objective of the therapy using digitoxin ranges from 0.5 to 1. 0 ng/mL. The administration of digitoxin is contraindicated in patients that are receiving primary therapy for acute decompensated heart failure stabilization and during cases of sinus or atrioventricular (AV) except for cases of prior pacemaker treatment applied (Kwon, 2006). Medicine administered within the range of its remediation dose rarely produce toxicity. The established daily therapeutic dose of digitoxin varies from 0. 0005 mg/kg (for young infants) to 0. 75 mg/kg (for mature individuals).This drug in tablet preparations has the estimated absorption of 70-80% and a bioavailability of 95%. In oral administrations (per os / PO), the action onset of digitoxin transpires after 30-120 minutes whereas in intravenous route acti on onset to occur requires only 5-30 minutes. The threshold of the effect of this drug after oral and intravenous routes is 2-6 hrs and 5-30 minutes respectively. An estimate of 60-80% of the digitoxin intake is excreted by the kidney without structure and properties change(Kwon, 2006). The lethal dose of this drug varies with the age of the patients.Doses above 10 mg per individual even in healthy adults will cause death but doses lower than 5 mg infrequently produces problems such as toxicity. In children, the intake of doses above 0. 3 mg/kg or 4 mg per individual often causes fatality (Kwon, 2006). The population which is highly at risked with the development of digitoxin toxicity are the infants and the old people. The threats of digitalis toxicity include intake of medicines alike(p) digitoxin and digoxin and, digitalis interaction with other drugs like verapamil, amiodarone, and quinidine.Having below normal levels of potassium in the body such as the patients medicated with potassium losing diuretics is also at risk of the toxic effects of digitalis. People with kidney suffering and having weensy amounts of magnesium are also prone to digitalis toxicity. Caution should be observed in administering digitalis as well as other medicines to patients with kidney damage because the capacity of the body to excrete any drug taken is also diminished along with the kidney problem. Thus, the drug has the tendency to accumulate in the kidney and increasing the casualty of toxicity (Digitalis Toxicity).Occurrence of digitalis toxicity can be due to two mechanisms the above therapeutic amounts of digitalis in the patients body, and the lowering of the patients digitalis tolerance. The toxicity can be caused by either or both of the mechanisms. The toxicity of this drug can egest with one exposure to the drug as well as the gradual toxicity. Some patients suffer the effects of digitalis toxicity despite the normal transmission line levels of this drug because o f the existence of other digitalis toxicity risk factors (Digitalis Toxicity).Other disease and metabolic conditions that serve as risk factors of the toxic effects of this drug are hypoxemia, hypothyroidism, and alkalosis (Kwon, 2006). The fatality rate rates due to digitalis toxicity vary with the details of the population. The direct consequence of cardiac toxicity in digitalis toxicity result to 3-21% mortality rate. Male individuals are more prone to this drugs toxicity compared to the females. The young and old people have increase risks to digitalis toxicity than the other age brackets.Ingestion of digitalis medicines of their grandparents is the primary cause of toxicity among children (Kwon, 2006). The symptoms of toxicity due to digitalis include strange changes in wad like color perception problems, blurring of vision, having visual blind spots, and having visual bright light spots nausea vomiting pulse irregularities appetite loss palpitations disorderliness general s welling lower urine volume lowered consciousness and, breathing difficulty during lying down (Digitalis Toxicity).The treatment authorities for digitalis toxicities comprise of specific, symptomatic, and supportive therapy phases. The supportive therapy phase for this toxicity case consists of electrolyte imbalance correction, dehydration treatment using IV fluids, and oxygen support provide with ventilation. It is frequently prescribed by medical practitioners to supplement potassium in cases wherein the patient has potassium levels lower than 4 mmol/L.The recommendation of diuresis induction is not canonical due to the tendency to aggravate the electrolyte imbalances and the renal excretion of the drug is not enhanced by this process (Kwon, 2006). The specific therapy phase involves the administration of digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments that are noted to be of significant success in treating severe acute digitalis toxicity. This drug is sort of the antidote for digitalis toxicities as well as other complications in relation to digitalis.Immediate administration of digoxin-specific Fab antibody is recommended upon deducing digitalis toxicity. The prompt treatment digoxin immune fab will decrease the morbidity and mortality rates of digitalis toxicities. To contradict arrhythmias that might occur in digitalis toxicity treatment with phynetoin is advised (Kwon, 2006). The recommended method for gastrointestinal cleansing is the utilization of multiple-dose activated charcoal (1gram/kilogram weight of patient/day). Administration of ipecac syrup to induce emesis is contraindicated due to the activation of the vagal tones.Other possible methodologies of eliminating the toxic amounts of digitalis in a patients body are gastric lavage, whole-bowel irrigations, and steroid binding resins like colestipol and cholestyramine. These three aforementioned therapeutic regimens though have constraints like the vagal effects and the lack of substantial data to suppo rt their efficacy in these toxicity cases (Kwon, 2006). Even if the incidence of digitalis toxicity cases have plunged the on the qui vive regarding this condition should not stop.The drug prescriptions of digitalis for heart problems should be ensured by the medical practitioners to be under the therapeutic dosages. The availability of this drug to children should also be eliminated to prevent the accidental ingestion of this drug. Since digitalis in an important cardiac drug various researches has been conducted involving this medicinal substance. The medical industry should not stop there though further studies can still be done to improve the value of digitalis as a therapeutic agent without compromising the patients safety.

Msc Strategic Marketing Assignment

1. Visit www. americanexpress. com to learn much about the different peckers that American draw out offers. controvert the come in grocery store and positioning strategies for severally and suggest otherwise segments that American post might be able to successfully scratch (20%/630-770 words) American declaim manages a grand variety of products precisely their tease can be classified in two main(prenominal) card types if cards personalized and business cards. For each card type they offer a wide range of different utilities and privilege and can be sub divided in confidence and charge cards.The difference between the credit and the charge cards available in each category is that the credit cards charge the card holder at the end of the month while the charge cards charge the card holder instantly. The American express business model is aimed at a very narrow premium customer base, which frequently make heroic trans flakeions. As their customer base is narrow they ar gon able to stomach a higher customer service than their competitors (pp). The AmEx brand as thoroughly holds a huge cultural value.Beca utilize of the brands positioning and corporate branding being the owner of an AmEx automatically improves this persons role as opinion leader for the personal fond group. Personal Cards Card The range of personal AMEX cards is designed for personal use. The holder pays an annual fee depending on their card and in return they get the corresponding American Express services. Generally such services include no preset spending limits and luxury rewards for collecting points.Other cobranded American Express cards such as the British Air bearings American Express card also offer additional travel related receiptss such as travel insurance or priority on waiting lists. (American express. com quarry market In comparison to some of its competitors such as Visa and Mastercard, American express does charge for its services. This naturally shifts it a way from these competitors and into a segment of its own. The target market of the personal AMEX cards are high earning individuals, because they are high earners they are likely to be individuals professionally hold roles of esponsibility. Their personality is extravagant, approaching and exploring yet sophisticated lifestyle. Small Business Cards Card The small business card range is designed by American Express to abet small businesses manage their finances and reduce stress of running a business. The card holder is expected to pay a monthly fee and in return get the American Express services of no preset spending limit, the card can be extended to other business employees, entrance fee to airport lounges and a generous membership reward program.Target Market As the card types name suggests American Express targets small businesses segment with this range of cards. plainly they dont target the whole of the small business segment. The card is designed for those businesses that regularly need to make honorariums for business purposes. The co-branded American Express and British Airways card suggests that they are targeting businesses whose employees are frequently traveling and would like to centrally control their company expenses. Missing segments,The be range of AMEX cards target the high profile person and business that need to make large and regular payments. Though the product range can also be use online its mainly intended to be used offline with the physical card. Many of todays payment transactions are made via the world wide web of which services such as Pay Pal and Citadel EFT. These 3rd party services are sometimes considered to be unreliable and no nominate the exclusivity that American Express provides. This can withhold AMEX users from using their AMEX card online.An exclusive online payment service for AMEX users to provide payment services can increase the companys online presence and stimulate the cards use. 2. How has American Expre ss been able to help consumers shift their attitude toward recitation of the card? Is American Express taking a proactive approach to managing its market environment? How? (20%/630-770 words) Shift of attitudes Proactive in managing its marketing environments? 3. Based on your knowledge of online buyer behavior provide a proposal for an effective e-marketing campaign for American Express, using social media Facebook, twitter, blogs etc.Critically discuss different ways to cajole and retain consumers using different social media in the UK market. To answer this you may choose any two appropriate models of consumer behavior. (20%/630-770 words) Currently American Express is demo of the World Wide Webs main social networks. On Facebook AMEX? s global page got 2. 7 Million who like them, they also have separate pages for each country they have commercial activity in which on average tend to have some 7,000 likes each.The AMEX main Twitter account got 600K followers, on LinkedIn app roximately 136,000 professionals are following the company and on YouTube they got 12,000 subscribers. American express also attempts to connect with small businesses and professionals by means of offer business advice to them through blogs. In comparison American Express? s closest competitors Master Card and Visa both got 4. 5 million likes each on Facebook. On twitter Visa got 38,000 followers and Master Card 16,000. On Linked in MasterCard for 43,000 followers and Visa 48,000 and on YouTube 1000 and 4000 subscribers respectively.Because of the deferral market targeted by American express and the enormous reach and noise of the World Wide Web, planning a carefully targeted campaign is of great greatness to ensure the campaign is using resources efficiently. In their study Cap Gemini Ernst & Young (2002) found that modern day online consumers, when considering buying, are looking for the human value behind products and services, such as honesty, respect, dignity trust and fair ness behind the products they buy.Since American express has two card types and thus two target markets its precisely logical that the online marketing campaign also be divided to target the two markets separately. Since AMEX got two quite specific target markets the use of social networks is recommended. Social networks allow you to target users on a wide variety of demographic, psychographic, lifestyle information and interests supplied voluntarily by its users. American Express brand is nigh universal, and a single geographic market is quite small.Therefor it is suggested that it is better to focus an e-marketing campaign, via social media, on a global or regional scale than national. The online marketing campaign directed towards the private users will focus on creating a worldwide viral marketing campaign on the popular social networks. For a period of 45 days, using a designated app on the AMEX Facebook page, users can enter a lottery to win one of five free platinum Americ an Express cards and an additional 2000. Users will be able to increase their chances of winning one of these cards in multiple ways.The first way would be though on a daily basis entering the application and participating in a multiple choice quiz, for all clear up daily an additional entry is gained. The daily quiz will consist of questions related to the AMEX products and brand, designed to increase the knowledge about the AMEX products and back up the correct positioning of the brand in the mind of the consumer. The estimated marketing costs for the target market of private users is approximately 17,000, and has a potential reach +1,000,000 resulting in a maximum price per impression of 0. 17, much more efficient than the Facebook adds which recommend a charge of 0. 65 per click. Rivero, J. (2012) suggests that credit card marketing to consumers should be done where your consumers and their friends are hanging out. This campaign attempts to do just that to get potential new u sers interested in and reinforce the connection that existing consumers have with American Express through cultural influences. The people who have already like the American Express Facebook page will be the ones kicking of the campaign by being the first ones to enter the draw.Then when they invite their friends to join they are seen as opinion leaders within their social group. Those who are in reality interested in winning will engage in the daily quiz elaborating their knowledge of the brand and its products and in turn also convert them into second generation opinion leaders for their social network. Facebook users will also be able to increase their chances of winning by inviting their Facebook friends to enter the competition via the AMEX application. For every friend that they have invited and has also entered the competition they will also gain an additional entry.For the business segment of the American Express target market united in will be used to gain the publics at tention. This campaign will also take the shape of a competition but not a lottery. Entrepreneurs will be invited to submit start up business proposals. After initial screening, through popular vote on from the linked in community the most popular idea will gain a three year backing of American Express experts, full monetary support and of course the AMEX cards and benefits to get up the new business idea. This campaign focuses gaining new business customers through having them engage with the brand through LinkedIn.The social role that AmEx would be taking on, of financing the best business idea, should be interpreted by other users and business as an act of social charity and an attempt to help the business world encouraging them to also use American Express for their business as they understand they provide better and premium services to businesses. 4. Critically analyze and evaluate consumer and customer management practices adopted by American Express and how consumers react t o individualized consumer-organization interaction. (20%/630-770 words) . Discuss potential trends in buyer behavior in the Credit Card market over the next ten years. Identify companies in this sector which are responding well to the trends, and make recommendations how your company can update the way it engages with current and potential customers. (20%/630-770 words) Innovations One of the main innovations currently in the credit card market is the move to pay via smart phones. Systems are being developed to use a persons smart phone as a prompt wallet without having to take out a physical credit card. 0 percent of people expect that their smartphones will eventually replace cash and credit cards. (Farrell, B. M. , 2013) Mastercard, Visa and Paypal are already experimenting with this alternative payment method though it must be mentioned that people or 35 or younger, are more inclined to use this innovation than the over 35? s. (Farrell, B. M. , 2013). Amex bought the online pay ment system Serve for $300 million in 2009 and launched its e-wallet service in 2011 (Pepitone, J. , 2011) in a reaction to Visa and PayPal launching a similar service first.The service is currently only available in the US (Johnson, A. R. , 2011) Since in legion(predicate) emerging markets they are taking a technology leap, i. e. directly starting with the latest technology, there exists a realistic possibility that they might also overleap the credit card phase and move directly into having an e-wallet. American express could well establish their brand in these markets by providing e-wallet services as well as methods to accept e-wallet payments to local businesses. Competition,The standard credit card market is becoming saturated and its becoming increasingly difficult to obtain new customers or to make customers switch credit card protruder. Card issues have to offer increasingly more incentives to attract new customers and retain exisiting customers. American Express has the advantage of having a unique brand within a select group of customers. But there are no restrictions for MasterCard or Visa to launch a cheap premium or platinum range in order to target and gain market share right in the heart of American Express? core business. Multi-Function cards. First Data bow window (2011) suggests that in Brazil Banco Bradesco and in France Credit Agricole have been offering a card type that has the efficacy to access both credit and debit accounts. But neither have been considered a game changer. Multi-function cards are being increasingly interesting as consumers are starting to shift their preference to the debit card instead of the credit card. This is partially related to the currently ongoing financial crisis.With shifting trends and no game changing alternative this will be a future point of focus for credit card issuers to successfully introduce a interbreeding card of this type as long as the demand proves sufficient. Co-Branded Cards Some of Am erican Express? s biggest competitors are teaming up with other large multinationals to offer exclusive co branded credit cards. For example IKEA and VISA have launched the IKEA Visa card allowing consumers to finance their purchases for up to three years among other benefits.American Express already hs a co-branded card with British Airways but with competition becoming increasingly tougher it is likely that card issuers will also try to issue cards via large multinational organizations. Bibliography Farrell, B. M. , 2013, Not paying by smartphone? You soon will, many bet. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from http//www. bostonglobe. com/business/2013/03/20/payment-industry-executives-eye-mobile-future/XHi4XtUT9zkoloMd0m2biO/story. html First Data Corporation (2011) Four Important Trends Shaping the future of Credit Cards. Retireived from ttp//www. firstdata. com/downloads/thought-leadership/cc-trends-wp. pdf Johnson, A. R. (2011). AmEx Looks Beyond Credit Cards. The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved from http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052970204552304577112611696189378. html Pepitone, J. , 2011. American Express dives into mobile payment with Serve. Retrieved from http//money. cnn. com/2011/03/28/technology/american_express_serve/index. htm Rivero, J. (2012). 3 Big Trends in Credit Card Marketing. Retrieved from http//thefinancialbrand. com/22348/three-trends-in-credit-card-marketing/

Kenya DBQ Essay

Colonialism occurs when one nation takes control of another. And that is exactly what happened when the British arrived in Africa. The commonwealth of Africa had no idea that the British was taking and had taken their land. But, with that being said the British atomic number 18 who had help develop Kenya by bringing them some of their viewpoints from Great Britain. These viewpoints did a number of things to the people Africa. They changed the carriage they were politically, economically, and regular culturally (religiously). The culture or religion of Africa was a very diverse. They all had their own beliefs and myths or so how the creation of everything came to be such as the Abaluyia creation story, where it says that god created man so that the sun would withstand someone to shine on (Doc 7). The British did not really understand this, given the mass of them were either Protestant or Catholic. They couldnt comprehend the idea of believing in jinxcraft or witch doctors, or how each tribe had a concept of a Supreme Being (Doc 6). But, as much years went by the number of people believing in indigenous beliefs went down. 38% of the people in Kenya were Protestant and 28% of people became Catholic, while from the original 80% of people who followed indigenous beliefs, only 8% of the people stuck to those beliefs (Doc 8). The economical impact that the British had on Africa was one of the few things that actually benefited them.The education of Africans was provided, even though it was not compulsory, with 3,442 schools (Doc 10). In total, there were 395,000 students that attended these schools (doc 10). And within 50 years there was a substantial amount of growth in both Railroad and Road networks throughout Kenya (Doc 11). The cause for the majority of economically growth came from all the raw materials and cash crops that were being sold and produced for Britain. Politically, there were differences amongst both the people of Kenya and the people of Gr eat Britain. When the British came and announced that the people of Africa immediately had a new king to lot under and that their land was his, the people were confused (Doc 3). The people could not understand how this foreign king was now their king and how the land that was passed down from their fathers father, now belonged to this stranger of a king (Doc 3). Most Africans learned to nevertheless the fact that they were now part of a colonial state, nomatter how much they despised it (Doc 4). there was even some Kenyan headsman/chief who assisted the British legislative council that who ruled Kenya. later on the First World state of war though, Kenya started to become harder to rule and control, and soon by the time World War II ended the control the British had was gone.The colonization of Kenya is what made Kenya what it is today. And with the help of the British they were able to cook the people of Kenya more civilized and developed. The British had altered their percep tion on how things should be, on how they should be. And their viewpoints gave them insight and had changed the commission that they had been, politically, economically, and culturally.

Ethical Decision Making and Ethical Leadership Essay

To improve h one and unless(a)st end making in chore, one mustiness first understand how one-on-ones shake off honest ends in an ecesisal environment. Too ofdecade it is assumed that individuals in organizations mention respectable decisions in the same way that they make respectable decisions at home, in their family, or in their mortalal lives. Within the context of an organisational scat group, however, few individuals have the freedom to nail d admit honourable jazzs independent of organizational pressures.ETHICAL ISSUE INTENSITYThe first step in honourable decision making is to recognize that an ethical issue requires an individual or work group to withdraw among several actions that various stakeholders inside or outside the firm will ultimately evaluate as account world power or wrong. honest issue intensity, then, can be defined as the relevance or spellance of an ethical issue in the eyes of the individual, work group, and/or organization. it is in- psyche and temporal in character to accommodate determine, beliefs, needs, perceptions, the special characteristics of the situation, and the personal pressure prevailing at a particular bottom and time.Ethical issue intensity conjectures the ethical sensitivity of the individual or work group that faces the ethical decision making fulfill. Research suggest that individuals argon subject to six spheres of influence when confronted with ethical choices the workplace, family, devotion, intelligent system, community, and profession and that the level of importance of each of these influences wiil vary depending on how important the decision maker perceives the issue to be. Additionally, the individuals sense of the situations moral intensity increase the individuals perceptiveness regarding ethical problems, which in wind reduces his or her intention to unethically.Moral intensity relates to a persons perception of social pressure and the harm the decision will have on othe rs. The perception of ethical issue intensity can be influenced by managements use of reward and punishments, corporate policies, and corporate values to sensitize employees. In the words, managers can affect the breaker point to which employeesperceive the importance of an ethical issue done positive and/or negative incentives.INDIVIDUAL FACTORSWhen great deal need to lick ethical issues in their daily lives, they often base their decisions on their own values and principles of expert or wrong. The commonplacely learn these values and principles finished the socialization process with family members, social groups, and religion and in their formal procreation. Research regarding individual meanss that affect ethical awargonness, judgment, intent, and behavior include gender, education, work experience, nationality, age, and locale of control.Education, the number of years spent in pursuit of academic knowledge, is also a significant factor in the ethical decision-making p rocess. The important thing to remember about education is that it does not reflect experience. cream experiences is defined as the number of years within a specific job, occupation, and/or industry. Generally, the more education or work experiences that one has, the better he/she is at ethical decision making.Nationality is the legal race between a person and the country in which he/she is born. Age is another(prenominal) individuals factors that has been look fored within business ethics. In other words, the older you are, the more ethical you are. However, recent research suggest that there is in all likelihood a more complex relationship between ethics and age.Locus of control relates to individual differences in relation to a generalized beliefs about how one is affected by inbred versus away events or reinforcements. In other word, the concept relates to where people view themselves in relation to power. Those who cerebrate in external control see themselves as going wi th the flow because thats all they can do. They guessd that the events in their lives are do to uncontrollable forces. They occupy what they want to achieve depends on luck, chance, and muscular people in their company. Conversely, those who believe in internal control believe that they control the events in their lives by their owneffort and skill, wake themselves as masters of their destinies and trusting in their capacity to influence their environment.ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORSAlthough people can and do make individual ethical choices in business situations, no one operates in a vacuum. Indeed, research has established that in the workplace the organizations values often have greater influence on decisions than a persons own values. Ethical choices in business are most often made jointly, in work groups and committees, or in conversations and discussions with coworkers. The outcome of this learning process depend on the strength of each person personal values, the opportunities he or she has to behave unethically, and the exposure he or she has to others two behave ethically or unethically.A corporate culture can be defined as a set of values, beliefs, goals, norms and ways of solving problems that members of an organization share. An important circumstances of corporate, or organizational, culture is the companys ethical culture. Whereas corporate culture postulates values and rules that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, the ethical culture reflects whether the firm also has an ethical conscience.Ethical is a function of many factors, including corporate policies on ethics, top managements loss loss leadinghip on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior.Obedience to authority is another aspect of the influence that significant others can exercise. Obedience to authority helps to explain why many employees resolve business ethics issues by simply following the directives as sup erior.OPPORTUNITYOpportunity describes the civilises in an organization that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior. Opportunity results from conditions that either provide rewards, whether internal or external, or fail to erectbarriers against unethical behavior. Example of internal rewards include feelings of thoroughlyness and personal worth generated by performing altruistic acts. External reward refer to what an individual expects to receive from others in the social environment. Rewards are external to the individual to the degree that they bring social approval, status, and esteem.An example of a condition that fails to erect barriers against unethical behavior is a company policy that does not punish employees who accept monstrous gifts from clients. Opportunity relates to individuals immediate job context where they work, whom they work with, and the nature of the work.Opportunity also comes from knowledge. Major fumble observed among employees in the workplace include lying to employees, customers, vendors, or the earth or with holding essential information from them. The opportunity for unethical behavior cannot be eliminated without aggressive enforcement of codes and rules.BUSINESS ETHICS EVALUATIONS AND INTENSIONSEthical dilemmas involve problem-solving situations in which decision rules are often vague or in conflict. The results of an ethical decision are often uncertain, no one can always tell us whether we have made the right decision.An individuals intentions and the final decision regarding what action he or she will take are the last steps in the ethical decision-making process. When the individual intention and behavior are inconsistent with his or her ethical judgment, the person may feel guilty.Guilt or uneasiness is the first sign that an unethical decision has occurred. The beside step is changing ones behavior to reduce such feelings. This switch can reflect a persons values shifting to fit the decision or the person changing his or her decision type the next time a similar situations occurs. For those who begin the value shift, the following are the universal justifications that will reduce and finally eliminate guilt 1.I need the paycheck and cant afford to block up right now.2.Those around me are doing it so why shouldnt I? they believe its all right 3.If I hadnt have done this, I may not be able to vex a good reference from my boss or company when I leave. 4.This is not such a big deal, given the emf benefits 5.Business is business with a different set of rules6.If not me, someone else would do it and get rewardThe road to success depends on how the business person defines success. The success concepts drives intentions and behavior in business either implicitly or explicitly. USING THE ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING FRAMWORK TO IMPROVE ETHICAL DECISIONS It bears repeating that it is hopeless to tell you what is right or wrong alternatively, we are attempting to prepare you make in framed et hical decisions. Although this chapter does not moralize by telling you what to do in a specific situation, it does provide an overview of representative decision-making processes and factor that influence ethical decisions.The framework is not a guide for how to make decisions but is think to provide you with insights and knowledge about typical ethical decision making processes in business organizations. Because it is unfeasible to agree on normative judgments about what is ethical, business ethics scholars developing descriptive models have instead focused on regularities in decision making and the various phenomena that interact in a changing environment to produce predictable behavioral patterns.THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP AN A CORPORATE CULTERELeadership the ability on authority to guide and direct others toward achievement of a goal, has significant impact on ethical decision making because leader have the power to motive others and enforce the organizations rules policies as well as their own viewpoints.LEADRESHIP STYLE INFLUENCE ETHICAL DECISIONSLeadership styles influence many aspects of organizational behavior, including employees acceptance of and adherence to organizational norms and values. Styles that focus on building strong organizational values among employees domiciliate to shared standards of conduct. The ethical leadership concept is not only for chief operating officers, boards of directors, and managers but can alsobe fellow employees. Ethical leadership by the CEO requires an understanding of the firms hatful and values, as well as the challenges of responsibility and the risk in achieving organizational objectives. Six leadership styles that are base on emotional intelligencethe ability to manage ourselves and our relationships effectivelyhave been identified by Daniel Goleman.1.The imperative leader demands instantaneous obedience and focuses on achievement, initiative, and self-control. Although this style can be very effective du ring propagation of crisis or during a turnaround, it otherwise creates a negative climate for organizational performance. 2.The authoritative leaderconsidered to be one of the most effective stylesinspires employees to follow a vision, facilitates change, and creates a strongly positive performance climate. 3.The affiliative leader values people, their emotions, and their needs and relies on friendship and trust to promote flexibility, innovation, and risk taking.4.The democratic leader relies on participation and teamwork to reach collaborative decisions. This style focuses on communication and creates a positive climate for achieving results. 5.The pacesetting leader can create a negative climate because of the high standards that he or she sets. This style works best for attaining quick results from highly motivated individuals who value achievement and take the initiative. 6.The coaching leader builds a positive climate by developing skills to foster long-term success, delega ting responsibility, and skillfully issuing ambitious assignments.Transactional leaders attempt to create employee satisfaction through negotiating, or bartering, for desired behaviors or levels of performance. Transformational leaders get through to raise employees level of commitment and to foster trust and motivation.HABITS OF STRONG ETHICAL LEADERSIn particular, we believe that ethical leadership is based on holistic thinking that embraces the complex and challenging issues that companies face on a daily basis. Ethical leaders need both knowledge and experience to make the right decision. Strong ethical leaders have both the courage and the most complete information to make decisions that will be the best in the long run. Strong ethical leaders must sustain to their principles and, ifnecessary, be ready to leave the organization if its corporate governance system is so flawed that it is undoable to make the right choice.Ethical Leaders Have Strong Personal CharacterThere is general agreement that ethical leadership is highly unlikely without a strong personal character. The question is how to determine or develop a moral person in a corporate environment. White, a leash authority on character exploitation, believes the focus should be on ethical reasoning rather than on being a moral person.Ethical Leaders Have a Passion to Do righteousnessThe passion to do right is the glue that holds ethical concepts together. Some leaders develop this trait aboriginal in life, whereas others develop it over time through experience, reason, or spiritual growth. They often cite old(prenominal) arguments for doing rightto keep. society from disintegrating, to alleviate human suffering, to advance human prosperity, toresolve conflicts of interest fairly and logically, to praise the good and punish the guilty, or just because something is the right thing to do.Ethical Leaders Are ProactiveEthical leaders do not hang around waiting for ethical problems to arise. The y anticipate, plan, and act proactively to avoid potential ethical crises.44 One way to be proactive is to take a leadership role in developing effective programs that provide employees with focal point and support for making more ethical choices even in the face of considerable pressure to do otherwise.Ethical Leaders Consider Stakeholders InterestsEthical leaders consider the interests of and implications for all stakeholders, not just those that have an economic impact on the firm. This requires acknowledging and monitoring the concerns of all veritable stakeholders, actively communicating and cooperating with them, employing processes that are respectful of them, recognizing interdependencies among them, avoiding activities that would harm their human rights, and recognizing the potential conflicts between leaders own role as corporatestakeholders and their legal and moral responsibilities for the interests of other stakeholders.Ethical Leaders Are procedure Models for the O rganizations Values If leaders do not actively serve as role models for the organizations core values, then those values become nothing more than lip service. correspond to behavioral scientist Brent Smith, as role models, leaders are the primary influence on individual ethical behavior. Leaders whose decisions and actions are contrary to the firms values send a contract that the firms values are trivial or irrelevant. Firms such as Countrywide fiscal articulated core values that were only used as window dressing. On the other hand, when leaders model the firms core values at every turn, the results can be powerfulEthical Leaders Are Transparent and Actively Involved in Organizational Decision fashioning Being transparent fosters openness, freedom to express ideas, and the ability to question conduct, and it encourages stakeholders to learn about and comment on what a firm is doing. Transparent leaders will not be effective unless they are in person involved in the key decisions that have ethical ramifications. Transformational leaders are collaborative, which opens the door for transparency through interpersonal exchange. Earlier we said that transformational leaders in dumb commitment and respect for values that provide guidance on how to deal with ethical issues.Ethical Leaders Are Competent Managers Who Take a holistic View of the Firms Ethical Culture Ethical leaders can see a holistic view of their organization and therefore view ethics as a strategic component of decision making, much like marketing, information systems, production, and so on. Although his company is called Waste Management, CEO David P. Steiner is as attached to renewable vitality as just about anyone working for a multibillion dollar business. Steiner was selected as one of the 100 Most Influential People in Business Ethics by the Ethisphere Institute in 2007, and his company, Waste Management, was chosen as one of the Worlds Most Ethical Companies in 2008. object lesson study Ty co International Leadership CrisisINTRODUCTIONOn September 12, 2002, national television showcased Tyco Internationals former chief executive officer (CEO) L. Dennis Kozlowski and former chief financial officer (CFO) Mark H. Swartz in handcuffs after being arrested and aerated with misappropriating more than $170 one thousand jillion from the company. They were also accused of stealth more than $430 one one thousand thousand million million through fraudulent sales of Tyco melodic phrase and concealing the information from shareholders. The two executives were charged with more than thirty counts of misconduct, including grand larceny, enterprise corruption, and falsifying business records. Another executive, former general pleader Mark A. Belnick, was charged with concealing $14 million in personal loans. Months after the initial arrests, charges and lawsuits were still being filedmaking the Tyco scandal one of the most notorious of the early 2000s.TYCOS HISTORYFounded in 196 0 by Arthur J. Rosenberg, Tyco began as an investment and holding company focused on solid-state science and energy conversion. It developed the first laser with a sustained beam for use in medical procedures. Rosenberg later on shifted his focus to the commercial sector. In 1964, Tyco became a publicly traded company. It also began a series of rapid acquisitionssixteen companies by 1968. The expansion continued through 1982, as the company sought to fill gaps in its development and distribution networks. Between 1973 and 1982, the firm grew from $34 million to $500 million in consolidated sales.THE improvement OF DENNIS KOZLOWSKIIn 1975, armed with a degree in accounting, Dennis Kozlowski went to work for Tyco, following brief stints at SCM corp and Nashua Corporation. He soon found a friend and mentor in then CEO Joseph Gaziano. Kozlowski was impress by Gazianos lavish lifestylecompany jets, extravagant vacations, company cars, and country club memberships. However, Gazianos r eign ended abruptly in 1982 when he died of cancer. Gaziano was replaced by John F.Fort III, who differed sharply in management style. Where Gaziano had been extravagant, Fort was analytical and thrifty. His goal was to increase profits for shareholders and cut the extravagant spending characterizing Gazianos tenure, and Wall Street responded positively to Tycos new direction. Kozlowski, who had thrived under Gaziano, was forced to adapt to the abrupt change in leadership.Adept at crunching numbers, Kozlowski focused on helping to achieve Forts vision of putting shareholders first. Kozlowskis largest acquisition was Wormald International, a $360 million global fire-protection concern. Integrating Wormald proved problematic, and Fort was reportedly unhappy with such a large purchase. Fort and Kozlowski also disagreed over rapid changes made to Grinnell. Kozlowski responded by lobbying to convince Tycos board of directors that problems with Wormald were a bump in the road and that the firm should continue its outline of acquiring profitable companies that met guidelines.KOZLOWSKIS TYCO EMPIREAfter Forts departure, Dennis Kozlowski, then 46, found himself helming Tyco International. With a new lifestyleparties and multiple homes in Boca Raton, Nantucket, Beaver Creek, and New York Cityand an aggressive management style, he appeared to be following in the footsteps of his mentor, former CEO Joseph Gaziano. Kozlowski knew Tyco from the bottom up, and stated that he was determined to make it the greatest company of the next century. Among other things, he recognized that one of Tycos major shortcomings was its credence on cyclical industries, which tend to be very sensitive to economic ups and downs. In 1997, Kozlowski acquired ADT Security Services, a British-owned company located in Bermuda. By structuring the deal as a reverse takeover, wherein a public company is acquired by a private company so as to avoid the lengthy process of going public, Tyco acquired a global presence as well as ADTs Bermuda registration.The majority of members had served for ten years or more, and they were familiar with Kozlowskis management style. As directors, they were responsible for protecting Tycos shareholders through disclosure of questionable situations or issues that might seem unethical or inappropriate. Despite this, after the arrests of Kozlowski and Swartz, investigations open the following troubling relationships among theboards members 1.Richard Bodman invested $5 million for Kozlowski in a private stock fund managed by Bodman. 2.Frank E. Walsh, Jr. received $20 million for helping to arrange the acquisition of CIT sort without the other board members knowledge. 3.Walsh also held controlling interest in two firms that received more than $3.5 million for leasing an aircraft and providing pilot services to Tyco between 1996 and 2002.4.Stephen Foss received $751,101 for supplying a Cessna Citation aircraft and pilot services. 5.Lord Michael Ashcro ft used $2.5 million in Tyco funds to purchase a home. Meanwhile, Jeanne Terrile, an analyst from Merrill Lynch who worked for Tyco, was not impressed with Kozlowskis activities and Tycos performance. Her job at Merrill Lynch was to make recommendations to investors on whether to buy, hold, or sell specific stocks. After Terrile wrote a negative review of Tycos rapid acquisitions and mergers and refused to upgrade Merrills position on Tycos stock, Kozlowski met with David Komansky, the CEO of Merrill Lynch.THE FALL OF DENNIS KOZLOWSKI AND OTHERSIn early 2002, Kozlowski announced Tycos split of its four divisions into independent, publicly traded companies Security and Electronics, Healthcare, apprise Protection and Flow Control, and Financial Services. Kozlowski stated, I am extremely proud of Tycos performance. We have build a 5 great portfolio of businesses and over the five years ended September 30, 2001, we have delivered net profit per share growth at a compounded annual rat e of over 40 percentage and industry-leading operating profit margins in each of our businesses. During this same period, we have increased annual free immediate payment flow from $240 million in 1996 to $4.8 billion in fiscal 2001.Nonetheless, even with this performance, Tyco is trading at a 2002 P/E multiple of 12.0x, a discount of almost 50 percent to the S&P 500. Also in 2002, the New York State Bank Department observed large sums of money locomote in and out of Tycos accounts. What made this unusual was that the funds were being transferred into Kozlowskis personal accounts.political science discovered that Kozlowski had sought to avoid around $1 million in New York state import taxes. In September of that year, Dennis Kozlowski and Mark Swartz, who also had resigned, were indicted on thirty-eight felony counts for allegedly stealing $170 million from Tyco and fraudulently selling anadditional $430 million in stock options. Among other allegations, Kozlowski was accused of t aking $242 million from a program intended to help Tyco employees buy company stock.REBUILDING AN EMPIREAfter Kozlowskis resignation, Edward Breen replaced him as CEO. The company filed suit against Dennis Kozlowski and Mark Swartz for more than $100 million. The SEC allows companies to sue insiders who profited by buying and selling company stock within a six-month period. Tyco stated, To hold him accountable for his misconduct, we seek not only full payment for the funds he misappropriated but also punitive damages for the ripe harm he did to Tyco and its shareholders.