Adaptive User Interface Framework: Android Mobile Platform

adaptational exploiter Interface Framework humanoid runny PlatformMr. Tulip Das twitchAdapting a graphical embrasure (GUI) to a range of resources with completely distinct capabilities is exciting topic of liquid computer. The substance ab exploiter porthole compeld for an industry ought to pass its layout and parts to the exploiter need and changes for every drug substance absubstance ab drug drug user. We propose a perplex for rambling screenings to form the user portholes adaptable for user. This identifies an set aside expertise train to a user by learning his/her history of inter solveion. Dynamic App cutoff is to be provided on Mobile Devices serving to user to swipe the separate m whatsoever time to search out the required app. The prediction model utilizes multiple options together with recency, frequence, duration, time distribution and app sequence launch.KeywordsHCI in Mobile AI and expert establishments adjustive user interface cloth k-means algorithmic rule propellent shortcuts peregrine app usage personalization.)I. IntroductionAn adjustive user interface (also known as AUI) is a user interface (UI) which adapts, that is changes, its layout and elements to the needs of the user or place setting and is similarly alterable by apiece user. These reciprocally reciprocal qualities of both adapting and being adaptable are, in a full-strength AUI, also innate to elements that comprise the interfaces brokers portions of the interface might adapt to and ingrain other portions of the interface. The user adaptation is much a negotiated process, as an adaptive user interfaces designers ignore where user interface components ought to go while affording a means by which both the designers and the user can determine their placement, often (though not al authoritys) in a semi-automated, if not fully automated manner. An AUI is primarily created establish on the features of the system, and the cognition takes of the users that entrust utilize it.Figure 1 Adaptive Graphical exploiter InterfaceThe advantages of an adaptive user interface are found inwardly its ability to conform to a users needs. The properties of an AUI allow showing only relevant instruction ground on the current user. This creates less confusion for less begind users and provides quiet of ariseing throughout a system. Depending on the task, we can increase the stability of a system. An adaptive user interface can be apply in various ways. These implementations can differ between the amount of information available to certain users, or how users utilize the application.Adaptive presentation The refinement behind adaptive presentation is to display certain information based on the current user. This may mean that users with only basic knowledge of a system will only be shown minimal information. Conversely, a user with advanced knowledge will have access to much than detailed information and capabilities. A way that the AUI can achieve this specialisation could be to hide information to be presented based on the users experience take aim. Another possibility is to control the amount of links to relevant sources on the page.Adaptive navigation Adaptive navigation intends to guide a user to their specialised goal within the system by altering the way the system is navigated based on certain factors of the user. These factors can include the users expertise level with the system/subject, the current goal within the system, and other relevant factors. Examples of adaptive navigation can be achieved in many another(prenominal) ways, similar to adaptive presentation. These can include examples such as providing links to help achieve a users specific goal, giving reference on a page to where a user is, or altering the resources available to the user.II. MOTIVATIONIn the last few years, an ecosystem of doojiggers and heterogeneous run has emerged with a huge garland of capacities and characteristi cs. These freshly devices, along with applications and services, must be utilise to enhance the quality of life, making the users occasional activities easier, as well as increasing their personal autonomy.User interfaces in mobile applications are complex since they need to provide sufficient features to variety of users in a restricted space where a small subject of components are available. When user acquires expertise in the system they expect user interfaces which satisfy their unique needs. Therefore, user interfaces in mobile applications should be sufficient to different users. Since this problem exists in various applications a general antecedent is required to make user interfaces adaptive utilize user context history.Figure 2 Different Mobile DevicesIn this sense, there is a clear need for creating interfaces that adapt themselves taking into account characteristics of the user, context, application and device. iodin of the aspects to consider when adapting interf aces is the set of preferences of the user. When using different applications or devices, each user has different preferences, generally related to their limitations.III. Problem StatementUsing mobile and its application is a personalized experience. Each user has different preferences, mainly related to their limitations. Hence it is quite essential to account characteristics of the user, context, application and device while designing a Graphical User Interface for mobile platform. It is quite difficult to manage when there are many applications (apps) installed on a mobile device, the simple task of launching an app could become inconvenient, as the user may need to swipe the screen several times to and the desired app. Hence an adaptive user interface solution for mobile devices, which uses dynamic shortcuts to facilitate app launching is needed. In this context, personalization of applications, i.e. applications that adapt themselves to users capacities and limitations is ess ential.IV. Problem modelA. OverviewRather than providing adaptive user interfaces for a specific mobile application, it is more valuable if it would be a common solution to make any UI adaptive. So it is encouraged to provide a framework which can put a common solution which can be used by all developers to create applications which provide adaptive user interfaces. This framework provides Adaptive User Interfaces based on users experience level. The experience levels are categorize by Inference Engine which is explained in the subsection Inference Engine. The system will learn the user experience level based on user actions performed on each component of the application with the algorithm.Figure 2 Concept of Adaptive User InterfaceFigure 3 mental faculty diagram for the system with Adaptive User InterfaceB. Components of SolutionThe proposed adaptive user interface is mainly focused on hiding aggroup of unwanted components for corresponding experience level of user on that app lication.The framework consists of three main phases such as1. Data preprocessing timbre2. acquirement step3. Execution and variant stepData preprocessing step1. stance Data One of the factors to adapt the UI is the location of the user. This is based on the preface that the compositors case of applications a user is expected to access when at ingleside is different from the type of applications accessed when the user is at work. The location is determined by means of the GPS sensor on the mobile device.2. Device Data turnout of other sensors on the device including the ambient light sensor (to recoup whether the user is indoors or outdoors), accelerometer and gyroscope (to say if the user is nonmoving or moving) can also be used to derive additive contextual information in order to better predict the users chosen application and modify the UI appropriately.3. App usage Data Logs of the past application usage, the frequency at which the particular app was accessed and th e user actions and interactions while using the app can act as another source of contextual information.4. Time Data The type of applications accessed on weekdays might be different from the applications accessed on a weekend or on holidays. Similarly, in the morning the user may access different apps than the ones they do at night. A logging service zip in the device would have to log the types of apps accessed at specific times of day or day or the week, and use it to make the appropriate UI modifications.C. Learning stepThe main purpose of induction locomotive engine is to fool the info provided by the data-preprocessing module and provide an experience level of the user according to the current user context. To infer the experience level of the user, the inference engine should behave as an intelligent system which should be apt by data related to user experience level and user interactions between the applications.Figure 4 A High level computer architecture of adaptive u ser interface frameworkExecution and description step K-means flocking engine is capable of setting the number of clusters needed. When the number of clusters is set, the engine can cluster the dataset when the squared error becomes minimized. This will give each clusters meaning points as output. Once the cluster centers are found these cluster centers will be delivered to user type chooser. User type selector will appoint each experience level to each center sent by K-means clustering engine. occurrently we have manually prescribed the experience level for identified centers using natural knowledge. As mentioned earlier who masters the system can suggest these levels for each cluster values. Current user context data will be feed into the User type selector and user type selector will infer a suitable experience level which is closest. This final output will be delivered to the execution and rendering step.D. ImplementationIn order to very much show the behavior of the frame work a proof of concept (POC) application will be developed. A simple application which can be used as an online ticket reservation system for aircrafts will be developed as the application. This application was developed in Hyper Text Markup address (HTML) and JavaScript. mechanical man platform has given enough features and Application Programming Interfaces (API) to create an Android application using HTML and JavaScript.Android web application can be created by converting a HTML page to an Android web application using WebView class. Currently there are many third party frameworks and plug-ins are available to convert HTML and JavaScript pages to Android application.This application will be connected to adaptive UI framework using a component called UIhooks. UIhooks are any(prenominal) methods which can be used by the developer during the application development. For example these methods can be used when some events are fired on UI components. When UIhooks are called they ar e developed in a way to throwaway the user actions performed on corresponding UI component and store them. For example when a UIhook method is called on a freeing on click event, the Uihooks is implemented to measure how many time the button was clicked and what is the recent time it was used. If UIhook method is called on a textbox on resign event the Uihook can inspect and store the value deferted and the count of submit action performed. This application is sent to a user study to store readying data. This is elaborated more in User study section. The accumulate data were organized and feed to inference engine as the training dataset. Inference engine learned the data as elaborated before and gave the suitable experience level. Once the experience level is feed to the rendering engine it finds the related rendering logics inside the UI clusters. For example if the experience level is provided as intermediate it checks for the corresponding rendering logics and UI clusters . If it is said as If user Type is intermediate render cluster2 it will build a new UI using what is mentioned in cluster2. Then it renders it to the user. When the user is provided with new adaptive UI a question will be provided to the user asking whether they are conform to with the new UI or they want to go back to the earlier stage. This is to measure their satisfactory level and the accuracy of the algorithm predictions.V. Mathematical Modelinglet s (be a main set of) SDB, LDB, C, A, S, MR, AOwhere,SDB is the copy of the server database. This database is trustworthy for storing user information related to cloud interactions.LDB is a set of topical anesthetic database that a user owns. It consists of data tables having data items related to the products and their sales transactions.C is a set of all clients using the server database and mining services from the server. And (c1 , c2 , c3, cn) C.A is a set of algorithms applied on the stimulation data to get mining results.S is the server component of the system. The server is accountable for registering, authenticating and providing associations to the end user.MR is a set of mining rules that are applied on the input dataset provided by the client from his LDB. And (mr1 , mr2 , mr3, mrn) MRAO is a set of associations that are extracted from the input and a form the output of the system.Functionalities SDB = RegisterUser(uid, password, fullname, address, country, contact, email)password = SHA1(input_password)U = AuthenticateUser(uid, password, SDB)LDB1 = ManageProducts(pid, product name, cost)LDB2 = ManageBilling(transactions, items)LDB = LDB1 + LDB2ED(Encoded data) = EncodeTransactions(LDB2, EncodingAlgorithm(EA))UPLOAD(ED)AO = mount Mining(ED)Results = Decode(Download(AO))VI. Results ExpectedFigure 5 Dynamic ShortcutsFigure 6 Adaptive UIVII. ConclusionThe aim of our study was to propose a high level architecture for a framework to provide adaptive user interface for mobile applications. This fram ework includes data preprocessing step, learning step and execution and rendering step to deliver asuitable user interface. The learning is through by an intelligent system which is unsupervised and trained using user context data. This delivers k number of experience levels by clustering the serene data set using K-means and ANN algorithm. It will also allow dynamic shortcuts to facilitate app launching. Some other options to enhance the proposed dynamic shortcuts solution such as gesture based control will also be explored in the future.VIII. ReferencesAztiria, A. Castillejo, E. Almeida, A. Lopez-de-Ipia, D.Adapting User Interfaces Based on User Preferences and Habits, Intelligent Environments (IE), 2014 world-wide Conference on DOI 10.1109/IE.2014.9 Publication class 2014 , Page(s) 9 15Nivethika, M. Vithiya, I. Anntharshika, S. Deegalla, S.Personalized and adaptive user interface framework for mobile application, Advances in Computing, communications and Informatics (IC ACCI), 2013 outside(a) Conference on DOI 10.1109/ICACCI.2013.6637474, Publication Year 2013 , Page(s) 1913- 1918Jain, R. Bose, J. Arif, T. Contextual adaptive user interface for Android devices, India Conference (INDICON), 2013 yearbook IEEE DOI 10.1109/INDCON.2013.6726014 Publication Year 2013 , Page(s) 1- 5Ye Xu et al. Preference, Context and Communities A Multi-faceted approach to Predicting Smartphone App Usage Patterns, In the 17th International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC 2013). Zurich, Switzerland.Mejia-Figueroa, A. Juarez-Ramirez, R. Towards a User Model for the Design of Adaptive Interfaces for Autistic Users, Computer package and Applications Conference workshops (COMPSACW), 2014 IEEE 38th International DOI 10.1109/COMPSACW.2014.47 Publication Year 2014 , Page(s) 264 269Leichtenstern, K. Andre, E. User-Centred ontogeny of Mobile Interfaces to a Pervasive Computing Environment, Advances in Computer-Human Interaction, 2008 First International Conference o n DOI 10.1109/ACHI.2008.10 Publication Year 2008 , Page(s) 114 119Chang Tan, Qi Liu, Enhong Chen, Hui Xiong. presage for Mobile Application Usage Patterns. Nokia Mobile Data Challenge Workshop 2012.Matthias Bhmer, Antonio Krger. A Study on Icon Arrangement by Smartphone Users. In Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Paris 2013, FranceN. Andrew, lump with the K-Means Algorithm, video tutorialJ.S. Augusto, transcript writter, June 2012.T. D. Bie, T. T. Maia and A. P. Braga, Machine Learning with Labeled and unlabeled Data, European Syumposium on Arti_cial Neural Networks- Advances in Computational Intelligence and Learning, Bruges, 2009.Y. Fukazawa, M. Hara, M. Onogi, H. Ueno, self-winding mobile menu customization based on user operation history, eleventh International Conference on HCI with Mobile Devices and Services.J. Brooke, SUS a profligate and dirty usability scale. In P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. A. Weerdmeester, A. L. McClelland (Eds.), Usabi lity Evaluation in Industry (S. 189 -194). London Taylor and Francis,1996.

History of Volleyball

History of volley fruitcake gameDan GouldMr. WoodmanseeWilliam G. Morgans Minto nettte and its phylogenesis to the popular international sport, has changed in many a(prenominal) different ways to locomote the more modern day sport called, Volley clump. volleyball was founded in 1895, by a man give eard, William G. Morgan, in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was originally called Mintonette, and was meant to be a combination of Basketball, Baseball, and Handball. withal, it was designed to be a non-contact sport so that no one got hurt. There was no limit to the number of players on a group, nor was at that place a limit to the number of contacts on each(prenominal) boldness. The kickoff authorised volleyball game game match was play on July 7th, 1896 at capital of Illinois College, MA. People loved the sport, so right away it was spread crosswise the country, and was compete in most YMCAs.The jump dimensions of volleyball were very simple. The sign g overns by William G. Mo rgan required a net which was six feet and six inches risque (which was the size of an average person back hence). The court, overly made up by William G. Morgan, was 25 feet by 50 feet in size. An some other formula was that you could have as many players as you wanted on each boldness. The official weight of the volleyball was no less than nine ounces, nevertheless no more than twelve ounces (it was made go forth of the bladder from a Basketball). Over clock, most of these dimensions were changed to make the more appropriate sport called, volleyball game.There were several original play predominates designed for volleyball. One of the first determines was that the game consisted of nine innings. Depending on the number of players on each squad,the team would have one practise per player. After each team members serve was over, the inning would be over. The player serving continued to serve until he missed the serve or his team failed to return the ball to the other s ide of the net. You could unaccompanied report when your team had the serve. A nonher rule was, if the ball hit the net, it was called a net ball, and counted as a period for the oppose team. If the ball was served into the net, it would be called a dead ball, and would count as a trial. The next rule was if a player touched the net, it would be called a net, and would result in a point for the other team. If you caught or held the ball for a couple of succors, it would be called a carry, and would withal result in a point for the other team.In 1896, (a year after the institution of Mintonette) a man by the name of Dr. Alfred T. Halstead approached William G. Morgan at the first battle array game. He told him that a better, or a more appropriate name for the sport should be Volley bunch. William the liked the idea, and the name stuck. In 1952, the name was officially changed, by combining the words Volley, and Ball, and making its new name, Volleyball. To this day the sport still has the alike(p) name.Over the years, volleyball has changed tremendously. As you know, zip fastener stays the said(prenominal) anymore. closely anyways, the court size was changed to 60 feet by 30 feet. The net was also changed too, except this time, there was a size for a womens net and a mens net. The womens net was seven feet and quartette inches, while the mens net was seven feet and eleven inches. Also, the rule about(predicate) having as many players on the court was changed to six players per side (no more or no less). The balls official size stayed with the identical criteria, but mainly, it was about ten ounces. These dimensions will stay the same for a while, but some may be tweaked up a bit as the years go by. As I said, nothing can be perfect there is always room for a change.Just as they did for the dimensions, they also revised some playing rules. They got rid of the nine innings, and sooner, they changed it to three out of five, games to fifteen. Also, you could still only score on your serve, but you had as many serves as you wanted. Another rule was that you could no longer hit the ball as many quantify as you wanted. Instead, you only could have three contacts per side, and a player could only contact the ball once, or it would result in a misdemeanor called the two hits violation. The last rule added was the under the net rule if a player stepped over the line in the middle, (dividing the two teams) then it would result as a violation, and a point would be awarded to the contend team.As volleyball began to spread about the world, there was a buckram love for the sport, and some people wanted to bring the sport to the beach. rim volleyball was founded in the 1920s in Santa Monica, CA. It was at first played as just a recreational sport, where people could play for fun. It was played only with two people on the court, and the rules were slightly different than interior(prenominal)(prenominal) volleyball. It became a co mpetitive sport in California in 1947. In the sport you had to communicate and move very swiftly in show to do strong. It was a great activity to play at the beach, and many people thought it was one of the coolest sports ever to be invented. Still it was much the same sport as indoor(prenominal) volleyball the only conflict was that it was played on sand, and not on solid ground.Now for the dimensions of margin Volleyball (which be completely different than indoor volleyball). The court is somewhat 26 feet by 52 feet long. The net on the other hand, is the same criteria as indoor volleyball, except both men and womens nets are lowered by an inch, due to the uneven sand. Which means a womens net would be seven feet and three inches, andthe mens would be seven feet and ten inches high. Also, the outdoor volleyball is about an inch wider than an indoor ball, but it is lighter by about two ounces (which makes it easier for the ball to suffice up by the players). One completely different dimension from indoor volleyball is (not counting the court), there needs to be at to the lowest degree(prenominal) three and one fourth feet for playing space.In beach volleyball the games were still the same as indoor Three out of five, and games to fifteen. Also in beach, you could still only score when your team had the serve, which was called side out volleyball. Another rule was that you could not set the ball over the net, unless if you were square to where the ball was going to land. As for the under the net call, in beach, it was only called if you went under the net and interfered with another player (in other words, you got in the players way). Some of these rules, just like indoor, still will be changing to this day.In 1942, volleyball was introduced into the Olympics, but only as an exhibition sport. It in a flash was loved by all the fans, and many different countries started to develop their take in teams. Finally, in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games, voll eyball became an official sport in the Olympics. It was sponsored strongly by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Beach volleyball would later on join the Olympics as well.Soon, beach volleyball took on a life of its own. In 1992, it was introduced into the Olympics as an exhibition sport. Also, just like indoor volleyball, the fans loved it, and many other countries developed teams as well too. Right away, in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, beach volleyball became an official Olympic sport. Also, to this day, beach volleyball is thought to be the hottest ticket in the Olympics.Over the years, there have been many volleyball/beach volleyball leagues. Most of them have recently started over this century. Some examples are AVP, FIVBA, USVBA, subalternOlympics, and AAU. These leagues are mostly for professionals. Like AVP, which is basically the NBA for basketball players, but instead for beach volleyball players. Also, the USVBA stands for United States Volleyball Association, which is basically our U.S. Olympic indoor volleyball team.Over the years so many of the rules have changed, and actually, today, they are still being changed. One major change was the introduction of the libero. It was introduced in 1998. A libero is a player that wears a different color habilitate than the rest of the team, and they are basically defensive specialists. At any time during the game, if anyone needed to be taken out of the back row, they could be switched with the libero, but it would not count as a substitution. The only twist was that the libero was not allowed to play in the front row. One other rule that was switched was the side out rule, the rule was changed so that you dont have to provide the point on your serve, but you could also get a point on the opposing teams serve. Lastly, the games were changed to three out of five, games to twenty-five. In beach volleyball, the games were also three out of five, but the games were to twenty-one.In worldwide popula rity, volleyball is the second most popular sport in the world, the first being soccer. With about 46 million Americans that play, and over 800 million people that play around the world, it is obvious that volleyball touches lives. Volleyball has definitely grown to be the outmatch team sport there will ever be. The reason for this is because there cannot just be one star player on the team but, there has to be at least three contacts from at least two different players.ReferencesCrisfield, Deborah, and John J. Monteleone. Winning Volleyball for Girls. New York Chelsea House, 2010. Print.Dearing, Joel B. The much(prenominal) Story of William G. Morgan Inventor of Volleyball. N.p. n.p., n.d. Print.February 9th William G. Morgan Invents a Game Called Mintonette That Is Better Known straight off as Volleyball. Today I Found Out RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. .Ghare, Madhavi. Volleyball History, Court and Equipment. Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 17 Dec. 2007. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. .Histo ry Behind Volleyball Discovering Volleyball in 1950-80. History Behind Volleyball. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. .Kenny, Bonnie, and Cindy Gregory. Volleyball Steps to Success. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics, 2006. PrintVolleyball History 101. About.com Volleyball. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .Volleyball Rules 1897. Volleyball Rules 1897. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. .VOLLEYBALL COURT DIMENSIONS. VOLLEYBALL COURT DIMENSIONS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. .

Characteristics Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles Engineering Essay

Characteristics Of Vapour crush Refrigeration Cycles Engineering EssayThis intent is a study on a performance of a dehydration condensate Refrigeration establishment VCRC. The performance of this shell of infrigidation agreement is being investigated by development different type of elaboration valves or to a fault know as throttling valves. I am victimization three types of valves upon conducting this study which atomic number 18 thermostatic expansion valve, capillary subway system expansion valve and constant- shove level expansion valve. Performance of infrigidation systems go away be investigated on 2 kind of surrounding which argon closed and open surrounding. A light bulb volition act as a modify hinderance which willing increase the ingress temperature of commit on e drying upation. This nominate also discuss about the ideal application program of each type of expansion valves. Which mean, where, when and what application the three types of expansion val ves should be use for a better result.Refrigeration is the action of alter, and in practices this waits removal of light and discarding it at superiorer temperature. Therefore, refrigeration is a science of moving alter from pitiable temperature region to the high temperature region.Refrigeration can be defined as a process of achieving and maintaining a temperature be humble that of the surroundings, with the aim to cool about product or space to the demand temperature. The most important applications of refrigeration are the preservation of perishable food products. Refrigeration systems also apply for providing thermal comfort to gentlemans gentleman beings by utilise fashion conditioning. rail line Conditioning refers to the treatment of straining so as to simultaneously reserve its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odor and circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space. The subject of refrigeration and air conditioning has e volved out of human select for food and comfort, and its history dates back to centuries.In refrigeration system, awake must be re locomote from the space area specific eachy the goods or matter we need to cool and released to the environment. Nature of heat movement is, heat always moves from the hotter to the colder space. To transfer heat from hot region to cold region, limited device is required. The device is called icebox. Refrigerator is a cyclic device and it is employ a fluid called cold as a working fluid.As known there are two common methods for refrigeration which are natural and mechanical. In natural refrigeration, ice is employ to generate a circulation of air around the blocks of ice. Therefore some of the heat from the circulating air is transferred to the ice so chill the air. This method particularly used in air conditioning application. As in mechanical refrigeration, refrigerating is used as a working fluid. Refrigerant is a substance that is adequate to(p) to transfer heat that it absorbs at low temperatures and pressures to a condensing medium. Refrigerator is an ex angstrom unitle of mechanical refrigeration.In a refrigerator, coolant is cooled in a electrical ability from there it flow to the evaporator, where air is cooled by contact with the c oil color. picture specimen of Refrigerator 2006 Publications International, Ltd.Types of refrigeration circle evaporation Compression Refrigeration SystemVapor compression refrigeration system is the most common refrigeration system used nowadays. In vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC), there are four major thermal process matter place which is expansion, evaporation, compression and condensation. In all practical applications, the actual VCRC is land than the ideal cycle. This caused by several factors such(prenominal) as friction losses, heat exchanges amid parts on the system and pressure overtops in suck and discharge lines.http//t2.gstatic.com/ emblems?q=tbnA Nd9GcT-X7cy0Nn5FpUh23SVRaPzAFG_o0lp2WxOEMmReUZSPjiYERUt=1usg=__BGAiwbpSspuI0lSI-ZibGb3mh0Q=Figure exclusive demo VCRC The Full wiki/ refrigeration cycle found on Figure 2, compression process is done on compressor followed by condensation process on condenser, expansion process on expansion valve and lastly evaporation process on evaporator.Compression carry out on CompressorLow-pressure vapor of refrigerant enters the compressor and thence being compressed and moved to condenser as a high-pressure vapor (superheated).Condensation Process on CondenserThe superheated vapor of refrigerant is then travels by means of the condenserwhich first cools and terminates the superheat and then condenses the vapor refrigerant into a liquid refrigerant by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature. intricacy Process on expansion ValveThe liquid refrigerant is then goes through with(predicate) theexpansion valvewhich is also known as throttling valve where its pressure wi ll abruptly decreases, causingflash evaporationand auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid. By undergoing expansion process, mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant is produced at low temperature and pressure.Evaporation Process on EvaporatorThe cold liquid-vapor refrigerant is then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes and it is completely vaporized by cooling the warmly air (from the space being preserve) and being blown by a fan across the evaporator coil or tubes. The resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet to complete the thermodynamic cycle.Vapor compression refrigeration system using high-grade energy such as mechanical work. It has more than affray and wear is possible to occur in the compressor since moving parts is put there. Coefficient of performance, COP of VCRC will decrease if the pressure of the evaporator decreases. Performance of VCRC is adversely alter at partial load.Vapor Absorption Refrigeration SystemVapo r Absorption Refrigeration Systemuses a heat source such as solar and kerosene-fueled flame to provide the energy needed to impel the cooling system. Vapor submergence Refrigeration system is a favorite alternative to repaircompressor refrigeratorswhere electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where superfluity heat is available such as from turbine vanquish or industrial processes. Absorption refrigerators powered by heat from thecombustionofliquefied vegetable oil botchare often used for food storage inrecreational vehicles.There are two type of vapor absorption refrigeration system that is single- order and double effect. Single-effect absorption system is using neither ammonia or peeing while double-effect absorption system uses atomic number 3 cliche or water supply.Since the presence of ammonia or lithium bromide directly into a confined space which is full of human is dangerous, vapor absorption system whi ch used this material should be placed away the realiseing to be cooled. However, vapor absorption that using ammonia or lithium bromide is not practical to be used on a building since it is impossible to pipe this material into the building. Therefore all absorption cycle equipment is then designed to chill water which is then piped into the building.The chilled water is piped through to fan coil units in each of the instruct spaces. The application of vapor absorption system using water is indeed well suited to multiple room systems or large spaces requiring air conditioning. This is because absorption chillers are a well-established technology that can offer significant advantages over schematic, automatically goaded, vapor compression chillers.Absorption cycle is using a fluid pair rather than using a mechanically driven or an electrically powered compressor to be function. The absorption cooling cycle is driven by the heat source, such as accelerator pedal burner, trav el or hot water. This heat source is used to boil and drive the refrigerant out of the refrigerant/absorbent mixture. This mixture is commonly termed solution.The refrigerant is then going through a condenser to remove the latent heat of condensation, thus returning the refrigerant into liquid form. The refrigerant is then passed to the evaporator where evaporation process draws heat from the recirculating chilled water. The resulting vapor from the evaporator is attracted and absorbed by the absorbent solution to complete the cycle. In effect, the mechanical compressor of a conventional vapor compression cycle has been substituted with a chemical pump driven by heat.http//www.acr-news.com/news/images/651_2.jpgFigure Single Effect Absorption modify ACR News locomote pip-squeak Refrigeration systemSteam Jet Refrigeration system is using the principle of liquids flashing under void in a chamber. If the flash vapor removed from the chamber, the liquid will cool to the required temperature. In practice, more than one cooling stage is usually present. Steam Jet Refrigeration system will move more economical when both go and cooling water is promptly available. Steam thousand refrigeration system working start with the steamerer passed through avacuum ejectorof high talent to exhaust a separate, closed vessel which forms part of a cooling water move. The partial vacuum in the vessel causes some of the water to evaporate, thus giving up heat throughevaporative cooling. The chilled water is wield through the circuit to air coolers, while the evaporated water from the ejector is vulcanised in separatecondensersand returned to the cooling circuit.Insteam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Water is abruptly safe for human. These kinds of systems were applied successfully to refrigeration in the early eld of century. At low temperatures the saturation pressures are low (0.008129 bar at 4C) and the specific volumes are high (157.3 m3/kg at 4C). The temperatures that can be attained using water as a refrigerant are not low enough for most refrigeration applications scarcely are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements. These systems also used in some chemical industries for several processes, such as the removal of paraffin wax from lubricating oils. The application of steam jet refrigeration system also including cooling a hot corrosive liquid efficiently to any desired temperature and the cooling of fruit juices instantaneously.Note that a steam jet refrigeration system is not suitable to be used when the required temperatures are below 5C.Steam jet refrigeration systems use steam ejectors to reduce the pressure in a tank containing the return water from a chilled water system. The steam jet ejector utilizes the energy of a fast-moving jet of steam to capture the flash tank vapor and compress it. Flashing a portion of the water in the tank reduces the liquid temperature. High-pressure steam expands while flowing through the nozzle 1. The expansion causes a drop in pressure and an enormous increase in velocity. Due to the high velocity, flash vapor from the tank is drawn into the swiftly moving steam and the mixture enters the diffuser. The velocity is gradually reduced in the diffuser but the pressure of the steam at the condenser is increased 5-10 times more than that at the entrance of the diffuser (e.g. from 0.01 bar to 0.07 bar).The main advantages of this system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of sleep together work. Using Steam Jet refrigeration system will required negligible maintenance and a plant can be fabricate in any suitable material of construction. In steam jet refrigeration system, there is no moving part involved.http//www.siit.tu.ac.th/image/4ref.jpgFigure Steam Jet Refrigeration System Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University thermoelectrica l Refrigeration SystemAn effect of refrigeration can also be achieved without using any moving parts. This is done by simply spill a small stream through a closed circuit which is made up from two variant metals. This type of effect is called the Peltier effect, and a refrigerator which is works using this kind of principle is called a thermoelectric refrigerator.The thermoelectric device is like the conventional thermocouple. It is using two dissimilar materials as a medium to transfer heat from one another. In a thermoelectric refrigerator, there are two pairing between the two different metals used. One junction is placed in the preserve space and the other one is placed in the ambient surrounding. The temperature of the junction which is located in the refrigerated space will decrease when the current passed through and create a potential difference. An opposite effect will occur on the other junction.Under steady-state drag conditions, heat is transferred from the refrige rated space to the cold junction. The other junction will be at a temperature above the ambient, and heat will be transferred from the junction to the surroundings.http//china-heatpipe.net/up_files/image/2008-4-24/826639119.jpgFigure Thermoelectric Refrigeration EffectThe thermoelectric refrigeration effect are too expensive for a normal domestic and commercial-grade applications which are run only on using a regular household current. This concept normally suited to recreational applications due to the clog of thermoelectric refrigerator which is light, compact and it is also insensitive to motion or tilting. This type of refrigerator also has no moving parts, and can prevail directly from 12-volt batteries.Using thermoelectric refrigerator will give a advantages to the food and beverages. It will keep the food and beverages cold and dry. There also no wasted space for ice. The advantages of thermoelectric refrigeration system takeCompact sizeVery little space is required by t he cooling system.LightweightCan be carried with one hand loudUse Low Battery to be function.Comparison between refrigeration systemFeatureRefrigeration SystemCompressionAbsorptionSteam JetPrinciple of coolingVaporizing a RefrigerantVaporizing an Ammonia gasSource of EnergyMechanical workHeatCompactness burdenPortabilityHeavyMust be kept level within 2-3 degrees determineBattery DrainDraw more current when running6.5-7.5 ampCooling PerformanceMost efficient in hot liveLess efficient at high ambientFreezing frappe cubes in hot weatherexcellentNot practical recourseLeaking of refrigerantLeaking of refrigerantReliabilityExposed to wearand may require expert servicing from time to timeService Maintenance undeniable trained mechanics and special service equipmentComponents on Vapor Compression Refrigeration CycleVapour compression refrigeration system lie in of several mechanical components that helps the systems to be function. Four major components on drying up compression refriger ation system include compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator.In survival of any components on refrigeration system, there are many factors that we need to consider very carefully, that isMaintaining total refrigeration availability while the load varies from 0% to 100%Frost control for continuous performance application. mutation in affinity of oil for refrigerant caused by large temperature changes, and oil migration outside the compressor crankcase. excerption of cooling medium.Direct expansion refrigerant gloominess or pump recirculated or flooded refrigerant.Secondary coolan (e.g. brines, salts and glycol)System efficiency and maintainabilityType of condenserAirWaterEvaporatively cooledDesign of the compressorOpen tightSemihermetic motor driveReciprocatingScrewRotaryType of systemSingle stageSingle economizedCompound or cascade arrangementSelection of refrigerant.Type of refrigerant basically chosen based on operating temperature and pressure.CompressorCompressor is one of the major components on refrigeration system. There are two main functions of compressors in the refrigeration cycle. The first one is to pump the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator so that the desired temperature and pressure can be maintained in the evaporator. The second function is to increase the pressure of the refrigerant vapour through the process of compression, and simultaneously increase the temperature of the refrigerant vapour. Therefore the pressure will change and make the superheated refrigerant flows through the systems.Compressor also known as the heart of the vapour compression refrigeration system because it is supplied energies to run the system. Compressor can be divided into two main categories which are shift compressors and dynamics compressors. Both displacement and dynamics compressors can be hermetic, articulated lorry hermetic or open types. Both compressors also pumps refrigerant passim the systems and produce substantial increase in th e pressure of the refrigerant.Displacement CompressorsThese types of compressors used a shaft work to increase the refrigerant pressure by reducing the compression volume in the chamber. Reciprocating compressors, vane ( orbitual) compressors and helical rotary (scroll) compressors are including in a group of displacement compressors.Reciprocating compressors compress the refrigerant gas only on forward stroke. A piston is build to be single acting in a large capacity range up to hundreds of kilowatts.Condenserelaboration ValveEvaporatorRefrigeration Cycle blowup valve selectionThermostatic Expansion valveCapillary Tube Expansion valveConstant-pressure Expansion valveRefrigerantTypes of refrigerantCharacteristics of refrigerantsSelection of refrigerantPerformance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration CycleCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER 3 observational METHODOLOGYIntroductionBackground of StudyParameters InvolvedEquipments and Apparatus congeal upStandard Operating ProcedureCHAPTER 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONSCHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSREFFERENCES

Analysis of Mental Illness via Girl, Interrupted (1999)

Analysis of Mental Illness via Girl, Interrupted (1999)GIRL, INTERRUPTED 1 launchIn the movie, Susanna (Winona Ryder) is diagnosed with Borderline nature Disorder. Susanna bonds with a few different patients, including Lisa (Angelina Jolie) with sociopathic personality disorder, Daisy Bulimia, Georgina pathological liar and Janet as Anorexic. Susanna starts to work harder with her specialist (Vanessa Redgrave) and the health check conjunction on the ward (Whoopi Goldberg). Girl, Interrupted was focused around the arrangement of memoirs of Susanna Kaysen, who truly did put in eighteen months a Psychiatric hospital (Mangold,1999).DSM V Diagnosis Criteria ConsistencyBorderline Personality Disorder is specify as a pervasive example of precariousness of interpersonal connections, psychogenic self-importance view, influences, and checked impulsivity, starting by ahead of schedule adulthood and gratuity in a mixed bag of conditions as showed by 5 or a greater amount of the follow ing (a) agitated endeavors to stay away from genuine or envisioned relinquishment,(b) An example of quicksilver(a) and extraordinary interpersonal connections portrayed by exc abeyance between extremes of admiration and cheapening, (c ) Personality aggravations especially and diligently instable mental self view or printing of self,(d) Impulsivity in no less than two zones that are possibly self harming,(e) Repetitive self-destructive conduct, signals, or dangers or self ruining conduct,(f) well(p) of view flimsiness because of a stamped reactivity of mind-set,(g)Chronic sentiments of va ejectcy,(h)Inappropriate, upright outrage or trouble controlling annoyance, and (i)Transparent, anxiety related jumpy ideation or serious dissociative indications (American Psychiatric Association,2013).The first criteria for BPD in Girl, Interrupted, was having self-destructive contemplations and doing things to help a conceivable suicide by endeavoring what Susanna called an impotent endeavo r to murder herself by taking a dose of aspirin with vodka. At the localise when the attendant attempted to hold her she says to be watchful in light of the occurrence that she has no bones in her grasp. Later on, the advisor asks her the means by which she got the container of Aspirin in the event that she had no bones in her grasp, she reacts aspect then theyd return (Mangold, 1999).The second criterion was incurring damage on the body by cutting or wounding. afterward she endeavored suicide, she was hurried to the crisis room, and the cam point changed from everyone wildly moving around to help to her wrists. She had wounds everywhere on her wrists and she keep telling the specialists she didnt have any bones in her grasp (Mangold, 1999).The troika criterion was Susannas endeavors to stay in the connections to abstain from feeling relinquished. At the amount of the film, she has a flashback of the illicit relationship she had with one of the instructors and with a fellow that she met aft(prenominal) her secondary school graduation. In both cases, she was having hazardous sex and staying in the connections with the goal that she matt-up needed and cherished, and not dismisses (Mangold, 1999).The fourth criteria was filling the blank that was generally felt by doing something she k immature wasnt correct yet provided for her rush. Susanna felt as though nothing was going how she needed it and she was the main private feeling that way. In the film, Susanna and Lisa, a young brothel keeper in the organization, chose to escape the mental home and go on an excursion to visit an alternate young chick that had been thither with them, Polly. Both of them k natural they could cause harm, yet the proceeded at any grade (Mangold, 1999).The fifth criterion was the point at which she encountered a shift in temperaments and felt uniform she had no feeling of herself whatsoever. Around the end of the film, there was a period Susanna was persuaded she wasnt going to improve and she got preventive over what Dr. wax light was letting her whop about her analysis. She proceeded and expressed how she couldnt have cared less and her new most loved word to portray herself was conflicted in light of the fact that she said it implied she couldnt have cared less any longer and she was going to do whatever she felt was correct (Mangold, 1999).We believe Susanna created these examples all the more in adulthood, yet everything originated from her youth occasions and they are reliably demonstrated in the motion picture concerning the indications of BPD in DSM V in any case, at one purpose of the film, her sweetheart comes and says that she is not insane and that she doesnt have a place there. She then says, Yet I attempted to execute myself. This shows how she has wrapped what had persistently been tossed at her. He tries to persuade her to flee with him to Canada, however shockingly she says she has companions here and that she herself is crazy . As per Comer, 2010, one of the characteristics of people experiencing BPD is that sentimental sentiments seeing someone are not generally shared. However in the motion picture, in spite of her refusal to flee with him, their shared adoration stays in place, in this manner demonstrating a conflict with the DSM-V as of right now (Mangold, 1999).After a long watchword with the get throughice head, Susanna gets more disappointed in view of what she says and takes a great deal of pills. The following morning she experiences difficulty awakening the superintendent acknowledges what has happened and completes her of quaint little inn her in the shower bath tub to wake her up. She has a fit, and gets to be exceptionally indiscreet. The superintendent tries to illuminate to her that she is not insane and that she is simply a lethargic, liberal young lady who is making herself insane (Mangold, 1999).The following morning Susanna finds that Daisy had submitted suicide by hanging hersel f and she calls the police and is taken again to the clinic while Lisa vanishes. At the clinic she has a discussion with her Doctor where she says that she wished she could have done something to help Daisy. She additionally states, Ill never know what its like to be her but I know what its like to want to die, how it hurts to s milliliter, how you try to fit in and you cant, how you hurt yourself on the outside and try to kill the thing on the inside (Mangold, 1999).There are a few distinctive emplacements on how an individual like Susanna could have created BPD. One view that scholars have, is that an early absence of acknowledgement by parents may prompt a loss of reward toward oneself, expanded reliance and a failure to adapt to division (Comer, 2010). In the motion picture, Susannas mother made a remark on when Susanna was an infant, she was transforming her table napkin and she turned around for a part second and that was when Susanna moved off the quaint little inn her l eg. She said the specialist place Susanna in a full body cast and her guardians went on a 4,000 mile outing with Susanna locked in the rearward sitting arrangement in the body cast (Mangold, 1999).Cultural DifferencesIn a collectivist society like Sri Lanka, close family relatives would be exceedingly concerned if an individual showed such feelings or practices. They would be extremely terrified and attempt to do whatever they can, mental strain to help them. It would not be a theme that would be talked among severally other individual, presumably just close relatives and companions. Once an individual has been diagnosed and at last cured, the enduring impression would not be of the said individual creation alone recouped. They would presumably still expect or mean at the once again of their brain that they are not totally cured or may tend to backslide. Notwithstanding they would at present be extremely steady as it is in their tendency to be so. These relatives and family wou ld likewise feel that an individual being diagnosed with a certain tell apart is because of the Karma which is the where their circumstance is ascribed to sins of the past births.Some parents of family members are regularly embarrassed to give way that their youngster is having BPD disorder. They attempt to lock their youngsters in a room in order to prevent embarrassment from the society. In the event that the kid does not so much succeed then the youngster is censured, debased or rebuffed, which may influence the kids self regard and trust in a radical manner. One of the principle purposes behind this is on the grounds that the absence of mindfulness about the issue accordingly there is a probability, where the perspective towards the kids and the issue of BPD may slowly change in the promising new years.ConclusionTo sum up, the movie indicates how the emotional sickness had a long effect on Susanna as it demonstrates how she would holler insanely in the shadow and be extremel y befuddled since she didnt recognize what wasnt right with her or felt caught on the grounds that she felt that nothing really wasnt right with her (Mangold, 1999). We in person think she would have gotten better if she was simply at home, while being stipulation personal treatment and care without confining her to a setting that induced, provoked or aggravated her disorder or she could have been given the dialectical behavior therapy which most clinical today utilize this therapy method.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders DSM V (5th ed).Washington, DC American Psychiatric Publishers.Comer, J.R (2010) Abnormal Psychology (7th Ed.). New York Worth Publishers.Wick, D., Konrad, C., (Producers). Mangold, J. (Director). (1999) Girl, Interrupted. unify States Columbia Pictures. Retrieved from http//ffilms.org/girl-interrupted-1999/ (2014)

Slowing Down the Speed of Light

Slowing Down the Speed of LightSTOPPING LIGHT INITS TRACKSNoorul Husna Binti Safian SauriAbstractIntroductionThe fact that speed of let down which is very fast(a) plenty be delayed down and stopped when there is change in refractive indicator. Stopped inflame achieved when the opthalmic twinklings argon trapped in some material such as in the taste which fuddle been done by G. Heinze et al.1. In that try out, the optical pulses was stopped in cooled Pr3+Y2SiO5 watch crystal up to 20s. Then unwind get out place be obtained by measured the decrease in base velocity. A.V Turukhin et al.2 done the experiment to observed the ultra ho-hum nimbleness. As a result from their experiment, a 45ms-1 speed of light were observed.The group velocity, is defined as vg(w) = c / n(w) and from the equation ng(w) = n(w) + w dn (w)/dw , it showed the dense light can be obtained from the variation of refractive index and the statistical distribution of the material. Further more, wh en , the group velocity can be highly reduced in material. So in locate to achieve the dimmed light, material with high(pre nary(prenominal)nal) dispersal is needed. However, in this situation a strong absorptions draw engender a big obstacle. It is because of the fact that higher dispersion gives a higher absorption and lead to a bad data transmission.Technique of Electromagnetically bring on Transp bency (EIT) introduced by researchers give the best solution for the strong absorptions although the EIT does non give 100% transmission. At the kindred conviction, EIT give additional advantages in order to slowed down and stopped the fast speed optical pulses.A solid- call down average is more p tintred in many applications of slow light because it has special properties. In solid- posit strong point, jotic diffusion is non being present, so it allow longer times for optical pulses storage. The slow light techniques play important role in numerous applications for o bject lesson in optical- conversation schema.Theoretical backgroundThe condition of vg Where E is voltaic field and is angular oftenness propagating through a forte. Then the grade of this wave is given by The points of constant phase will play in a velocity ofwhere k is a wavenumber. Then utilize the relation of the phase velocity become. n from the equation is refer to a refrective index and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. When the field is not considered as monochromatic, that velocity is defined as a group velocity and this velocity shows the gene ration rate of changes in amplitude. Mathematically, group velocity is given by Group velocity besides can be defined as velocity at which elan vital or information is transmitted along a wave. Noticed that group index isthenFrom equation (6), the group index depends on dispersion and slow light can be obtained by making the large.Professor Jakob Khanin and Olga Kocharovskaya were the number 1 physicists that int roduced the theory of EIT. EIT is a phenomenon of quantum optics which permits an mirky medium to be transp arent to the optical light wave while still keeping the strong dispersion needed to generate the slow light. base on Figure 2, when a first light dick is applied to the mirky medium, the light beam is completely absorbed. Then, after a second light is applied to the opaque medium suddenly the medium become transparent.Figure 1 notification when the work beam is off and onThe blood corpuscles experience a free process. When light beam comes in which it resonant with the frequence of the transitions, the atoms will raise up to the higher energy level. This situation describes the normal absorption of light. Then, without any outside(a) radiation, the atom will decay spontaneously and end up in the lower realm. These process depend on the number density of photon,. At first, I study the deuce level nuclear system. From Einstein B coefficients, the transition probabili ty up from ground express 1 to excited state 2 is B12 and from the Einstein A coefficient, the spontaneous transition down from excited state 2 to ground state of 1 is A21. When the light is shining in the system, the number N1 of atom at the state 1 must be equal with the population N2 of atoms in the state 2. Then, the absorption in the system is said to be utter(a) which mean there is no absorption of light beam can be happen. This situation will not be able to kick in the phenomena of EIT from being happen. To make the two level system unbalance, another state is introduce by shining a second light. This is why third level nuclear system is used in the EIT.Figure 2 representation of absorption and spontaneous emissionFigure 3 illustrates the tierce level atomic system interact by a manipulate beam which is a strong optical field and a canvass beam which is a weak optical field. The tercet level system is also called a -system based on its shape. The atoms are consider to have a pair of lower energy states of 1 and 2. The see beam couples states 1 and 3 with frequency while the control beam couples states 2 and 3 with frequency . The two pathway put in and cancel each other and then clear a iniquity states polariton. Dark states means that there is no atoms will be call forth to the excited state and then vanish the absorption of light.Figure 3 representation of three level atomic systemThe expression of one-dimensional susceptibility spectrum explained the how the atomic ensemble respond to the strong resonant control beam and weak probe beam4. The expression is Where be similar to the slackening rate of the coherence, N is the total number of atoms in the sample, is the conflict amid the probe beam frequency and the frequency of the atomic transition (with = 0 show the frequency of the atom-field resonance), is the atom-field coupling constant, and lastly is the Rabi frequency of the control beam. Rabi frequency is defined as , where and E are correspond to the transition atomic number 42 and galvanic field of the control beam.From the susceptibility, the imaginary part,where is the transmission coefficient describes absorptive properties of the medium and L is the length of the medium. Then the real part of the susceptibility,showed the refractive index. Based on figure 4, the various wiggles refractive index whichis green gunstock showed the behaviour of nonlinear when detuning the frequency. The strength of the dispersion which relate to the slow light is determined by the gradient of the refractive index and at the selfsame(prenominal) time the penetrating EIT exhibit the strong nonlinear dispersive behaviour. The sharp peak of the transmission line showed the i rent EIT take place at exact resonance ( ). ). The exact resonance condition achieved when the frequency difference amid the two light beams accurately matches with the frequency separation amongst the two lower states of and .When t he exact resonance condition is not achieved, the interposition is not ideal the medium become absorbing5.Figure 5 represents the prolongation of light in the EIT medium. At the beginning, the light pulse is outside the medium and all the atoms are in the ground states( 1). The front edge of the light pulse then enters the medium and is quickly decelerated. The back edge of the light pulse propagates with vacuum speed c because it is still outside of the medium. Hence, upon incoming into the cell, the spatial extent of the light pulse is compressed by the ratio of , while its peak amplitude remains same. The energy of the light pulse is obviously much smaller when it is inside the medium. The photons are being expended to create the coherence between states of 1 and 2 , or in other words, to flip the atomic wrenchs, with the excess energy carried away by the control field. Then, the wave of flipped spins outright propagates together with the light pulse. The atoms are therefore strongly coupled to the photons which is in the light pulse, with an associated quasiparticle called a dark-state polarition6. The quasiparticle is a combination of photons and spins pique. The spatial extent increases again when the light pulse exits the medium and then the atoms return back to their sure ground state. However, a delayed of the whole light pulse occurred bywhere L is the length of the medium. In the dark-state polarition, when the control field is adiabatically switched off, the coupled excitation is converted into a pure atomic excitation, that is, the probe field is stopped7. Then, to restore the probe field, the control field is switched on. A storage time of more than a second were achieved in this way.Figure 4 Spectrum of transmission and refractive index corresponding to EIT. This figure is taken from abduce 4.. Figure 4 spatial compression occurred when the light beam enters the medium and at the same time the photons are changed into a atomic (spin excitation). This figure is taken from reference 5.In the situation when the decay rate between state and is negligible, the propagation of probe field can be describe by the electric field operator,where the sum is over the free-space of photonic modes with wave vectors k and bosonic operator 8. A collective atomic operators,averaged over small is used to describe the properties of the medium but at position z, macroscopic volumes containing particles 6.Specifically, the operator is used to describes the polarisation of atom oscillating at an optical frequency, whereas the operator decribes a low-frequency spin wave. Assumed that the control field is strong and it is treated classically. The atomic growth is conducted by a set of Heisenberg equation which is , where is represent the atom-field interaction Hamiltonian and 8. From these equations, the probe field is assuming to be weak and that and change in time slowly. To leading order in the probe field , find thatThe H eisenberg equation, draw the evolution of the probe field. A new quantum field which is a superposition principle of photonics and spin-wave components is introduced in order to attained the solution for the equations (15),(16) and (17).Furthermore, the new quantum field, must obeys the equation of motion,The equation (21) describes a shape-preserving propagation with velocity which is proportional to the magnitude of its photonic component.Moreover, EIT is also related to the Stark effect and Zeeman set up9. Stark effects is the splitting of energy level due to the present of electric field while Zeeman effects is the splitting of energy level due to the present of magnetic field. If a volume is considered to be filled by a hydrogen atom and a DC field is applied to the volume, the state will splits into three states with specific energies. By follow the notation ,the states degenerates while the states is generates which the state mixes with the states. The states are Di sscussionIn this section, I will disscuss about the implementation of EIT to observe the slow light and stopping.One of the technique used to induce transparency in opaque medium is Coherent population trapping or CPT. In CPT, the atoms are forced into a coherent superposition of Zeeman or hyperfine states that are strongly coupled to the light via Raman transition10. The definition of superposition state is the state which is stable against absorption from the radiation of electromagnetic field. Generally, CPT is more refer to the plan of two fields closely equal to the Rabi frequency. The experiment done by Alexander et al. 11 used the concept of CPT to observe the slow light in a hot rubidium atoms. The main idea in the experiment is to obtain the narrow EIT resonance.Currently, the quantum mechanics is used for a fundamental of communication and computation. To carry out these ideas, information should be encoded in delicate quantum states, uniform a single-photon states, and then manipulated without being destroyed. It is fact that photons are the fastest and be a simplest carriers of quantum information. However, they are not easy to localize and process.EIT has already had a large impact on the field of optical science. One of the possible application is used in optical buffering for the optical communication. From figure , there is an switch in optical router. The switch can only deal with one data packet at a time 10. So if two data packet arrive at the same time, the hitting of data packet will occur and the overall flow of the data packet will be slow down. Furthermore, the information carried by the two data packet will be loss. To avoid these problems, a slow light medium is activated in one of the branches in order to delay the velocity of data packet. As a result, the flow of information will be speed up because no collision between two data packet happened.References1 G. Heinze, a. Rudolf, F. Beil, and T. Halfmann, repositing of images in atomic coherences in a rare-earth-ion-doped solid, Phys. Rev. A, vol. 81, no. 1, p. 011401, Jan. 2010.2 a. Turukhin, V. Sudarshanam, M. Shahriar, J. Musser, B. Ham, and P. Hemmer, Observation of Ultraslow and Stored Light Pulses in a Solid, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, no. 2, p. 023602, Dec. 2001.3 L. Hau, S. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. Behroozi, Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas, Nature, vol. 397, no. February, pp. 594598, 1999.4 M. D. Lukin, Colloquium Trapping and manipulating photon states, vol. 75, no. April, 2003.5 M. Lukin and A. Imamolu, Controlling photons using electromagnetically induced transparency, Nature, pp. 273276, 2001.6 M. Fleischhauer and M. Lukin, Dark-State Polaritons in Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 22, pp. 50945097, whitethorn 2000.7 T. Chanelire, D. N. Matsukevich, S. D. Jenkins, S.-Y. Lan, T. a B. Kennedy, and a Kuzmich, Storage and recuperation of single photons transmitted bet ween remote quantum memories., Nature, vol. 438, no. 7069, pp. 8336, Dec. 2005.8 a Andr, M. D. Eisaman, R. L. Walsworth, a S. Zibrov, and M. D. Lukin, Quantum control of light using electromagnetically induced transparency, J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 38, no. 9, pp. S589S604, May 2005.9 S. Virally, A Review of Slow Light Physics and Its Applications, Ec. Polytech. Montr eal, pp. 8290, 2008.10 D. Phillips, a. Fleischhauer, a. Mair, R. Walsworth, and M. Lukin, Storage of Light in Atomic Vapor, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 783786, Jan. 2001.11 M. Kash, V. Sautenkov, A. Zibrov, L. Hollberg, G. Welch, M. Lukin, Y. Rostovtsev, E. Fry, and M. Scully, Ultraslow Group Velocity and raise Nonlinear Optical Effects in a Coherently drive Hot Atomic Gas, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 82, no. 26, pp. 52295232, Jun. 1999.12 A. L. G. Robert W. Boyd, Daniel J. Gauthier, Applications of Slow Light in Telecommunications, Opt. Photonics News, vol. 17, no. April, p. 18, 2006.

Racism in the Movie, Crash :: Racism Crash Film Movie

All through time, the solid ground has been racist and intolerant of people different from themselves. Countless millions have suffered due to the bigotry of people that couldnt understand change or differences among wholeness another. there was a time when any soul that wasnt blue eyed and sandy haired in Germany, anyone with darker skin where immediately classed as inferior and not human. stock-still now, when you are not aware, racism is still a considerable problem. just now sometimes it isnt one person macrocosm racist against another, but preferably one person being racist against them self. The movie crash shows honest examples of how racism against oneself, caused by idolatry and misunderstanding, is just as malevolent and shame as racism against another person. Fear is what makes people act racist. Farhad is one of many examples in the movie of a person who recognizes his own hunt down and paralyzes himself through his own fear. Farhad believes that since he is Persian he is immediately being persecuted against and cheated. He flips out at the gun store when the owner was insult him which just furthers his fear of Americans. After the events on 9/11, which are cite a lot in the movie, Farhad thinks that anyone who is Middle Eastern isnt welcome in America. Even after the gun shop owner was rude his shop was destroyed by racist people who hated him. It is this same fear of being cheated because of his race that makes him very untrusting to people he doesnt know. He calls a lock smith to come fix his door because it wont lock. He immediately thinks that Daniel is trying to cheat him and steal money from him just because of his erstwhile(prenominal) endeavors.

a world lit only by fire Essay -- essays research papers

AntigoneAntigone was the daughter of Oedipus. She had two brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, and a sister Ismene. Oedipus had been the King of Thebes. However, he had killed his father and married his mother non knowing they were his parents. Oedipus was disgraced and had left the kingdom. His two intelligences were too young to rule, so Creon, their uncle served as prescript of Thebes. When Polyneices and Eteocles grew older they allowed their Uncle Creon to continue to rule because of the dishonor, which had been caused by their father. In time, each of the brothers wanted to rule Thebes. Arguments ensued. Polyneices mat he should be the ruler because he was the eldest. Eteocles, also wanted to rule, just now was forced to leave Thebes by his brother.Polyneices went to Argo and recruited an army against his brother and Thebes. During the battle Polyneices and Eteocles killed each other committing the sin of fratricide. afterwards the death of their brothers, Antigone and Ism ene were the only remaining members of the royal Oedipus family. Antigone was to marry Haemon, Creons son thus uniting both royal families. Creon gave Eteocles a heros funeral because he fought for Thebes. Polyneices was not to be given a proper funeral but left out in the open for animals to eat and carry off.Antigone felt she and Ismene had an obligation to bury Polyneices, as there were no longer either males alive in the family. ...

The Ghost of Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay examples -- Toni Morrison B

The Ghost of lovemaking One of the just about engaging arguments about Toni Morrisons book Beloved is centered almost the nature of the girl Beloved. The argument is whether Beloved is simply a puppyish woman who herself had suffered the horrors of slavery, or the ghost of Sethes go already? infant girl. The consequence shows that Morrison intended Beloved to be the ghost of the weirdy already? girl. It has been said that there are basic bothy two reasons why ghosts flip they hold back either unfinished business to attend to of have died a very violent death. The crawling already? girl fits both of these profiles. She died without development up, without knowing why she died. As a result, she has unfinished business with her arrive, Sethe. The crawling already? girls death was also horribly violent. Her mother cut her throat with a saw in the cold shed, rather than have her and her children be brought back into slavery. Many of the clues that indicate Beloved is actually the ghost of the mishandle girl are within the passages where she first arrives at the house on Bluestone Road. Each of these things put together support the nous that Toni Morrison intended Beloved to be the ghost of the crawling already? baby girl. The first clue is that she had what sounded like asthma, meaning that her breathing was labored. If Beloved is the ghost, it would make sense that she would have trouble breathing after all, because the trachea is found in the neck, and Beloveds neck was nearly severed, her windpipe would have to have been severed also. She would have quick, raspy breathing, as plenty with asthma have when they cant hold a breath. precedent in the book, Morrison talked about how the ghost slammed Here Boy into ... ...of the bread that botch Suggs gave her. The burnt bottom pieces of the bread could have reminded her of the river that they crossed to get to 124. The river could have looked black because they crossed at night. When all of the information is tallied up and the clues counted, all of the evidence points to the fact that Beloved is not a real woman, scarcely the spirit if the baby girl come to life. She could have reanimated the dead body from the hunters cabin that Stamp Paid made a passing reference to, or maybe she created the body herself, and thats why she was so worried it would fall apart. That doesnt matter. What does matter is that all of the evidence points to the fact that somehow, Beloved did come back to life. She is truly the ghost of the crawling already? baby girl. Works CitedMorrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1988.

The Early History of Golf in the U.S. Essay -- Golf Sports Athletics E

The adventure of play game is wiz of the oldest of todays juvenile sports. Its exact beginnings are not known however, some historians trace play back to the Stone Age spell others claim it originated from the idle antics of ward boys knocking small stones into holes in the ground with a crook while their flocks grazed nearby (Peper 1). Researched back to the time of the Roman Empire, it is also believed the sports-oriented Romans contend a forerunner of the game of golf called paganica. This sport involved the manipulation of a bent stick and a ball stuffed with wool compete in the open countryside. golf comes to the linked SatesThe legendary beginnings of golf in the United States can be traced back to the mid-1600s. One of the first make references to golf in America was in 1659 referring to the ban on golf in the streets of Albany, recent York. The next substantial reference to the game comes from Charleston, unification Carolina in 1786. At that time, a local Cha rleston newspaper ran a story about the formation of the Harleston Green play Club. The Harleston Green remained in operation for approximately twenty-five years, apogee about the time of the warfare of 1812. Around the same time period, approximately1795, another golf club loose in Savannah, Georgia. References to this golf club continued until 1811 again apparently closing just before the beginning of the war. The War of 1812 served to destroy the desire to come across golf. It wasnt until the late 1870s, well after the Civil War ended, that at that place was a resurgence of golf in the United States.Golf feverishness springs up throughout the United StatesCharles Macdonald was an earliest founder of American golf. He recalled playing golf in the Chicago area as early as 1875. Another promoter of golf, a three-year-old man named Andrew price from Burlington, Iowa, was initially exposed to golf when he went to Scotland to attend the University of Edinburgh. Upon his return to the United States in 1883, he laid out four informal golf holes on the family farm and played a few rounds with his friends. In 1884 Colonel Hamilton Gillispie, a former Scotsman who went into the lumber business in Florida, was known to hit golf balls in a field that is now the main street of Sarasota (History of Golf 7). Also in 1884, the Oakhurst Golf Club was formed in northernmost Carolina now famous for its first hole from the Clubs Homestead course, celebrated to... ...ip. Today, the USGA membership exceeds 5,500 clubs throughout the United States. Golf, being one of the oldest of todays modern sports, thrives in popularity continuing to entice young and old, male and female, rich and poor players. Works CitedSimpson, W.G. The Origin of Golf. A premium to Golf. Ed. Thomas Stewart. Harbor Springs, Michigan Stewart, Hunter, and Associates. 1990. 78.Golf Magazines encyclopedia of Golf. The Editors of Golf Magazine. New York, NY Harper-Collins 1993.Doyle, Kathleen. In Joh n Reids Cow Pasture. Sports in America. Sept. 1988 34-38.Peper, George. The Father of American Golf. Golf Magazine. Dec. 1995. 118.Peper, George. Birth of the USGA. Golf Magazine. Dec. 1994. 124.Hannigan, Frank. The History of the game of Golf. Golf Digest Magazine. Jan. 2000. 171.Fields, Bill. Changing the course of history. Golf Digest Magazine. Sept. 1999. 17. McCord, Robert, R. Golf an album of its history. Short Hills, NJ Burford Books. 1998.Anderson, David. The story of golf. New York W. Morrow. 1998.Menzies, Gordon. World of golf. New York Bantam. 1982.

Tree Conservation Essay :: essays research papers

Trees the Most Valuable Resource on Earth instantlyForests are one of the most valuable resources on the planet today. Without sets it would be almost impossible for any living thing to survive. But, with this in genius many people destroy forests. It is as though theydont even care that they are dooming themselves as well as the trees. hopefully through this article I can help save the forest and help human kind, as well as all otherwise organisms, by tellinghow important the forest is and how it functions.What is a Forest? A forest is more than just a bunch of trees growing following(a) to each other. A forest is a very complex governance of animals and plants, living in and on fertile and suitable soil. Forests are split up up into five different levels or layers. These levels are the cover, herb, shrub, understory, and the forest floor. The canopy layer is the top layer. This is where photosynthesis takes place and its also where the leafy surpass of the trees are. This layer is home to a variety of insects and squirrels. The contiguous layer is the understory. This is make up of smaller trees and is home to birds and climbing animals. The third layer is know as the shrub layer. It is made up of shrubs and vines. It also provides nuts and berries. The next layer is the herb layer. This layer is made up of soft kibibyte plants and wildflowers. Birds, insects, snakes, and toads also nest there. The last and final layer is the forest floor. This is the mystifying fertile soil covered by twigs, branches, insects and detritus.Why are Trees all important(p)? Trees are major erosion blockers. Their leaves intercept rain and lower the exponent of impact the water has on the ground. Each tiny rain puke is like a miniature bomb. It splatters and washesdirt away with it. Tree root also hold in soil and keep it from washing away. mickle plant trees on mountain slopes and other similar places to prevent bollix up slides. This aspect makes trees a very v aluable resource.Healthy forests serve as wonderful habitats. It provides clean water, food, shelter, and the space that living organisms shoot to survive. Different animals need different habitats. The forest gives them this with a variety of places to live. All though just about live on the ground, most of them live in trees.

Violence in Schools Essay -- School Violence Crime Safety Education Es

Violence in schooltimes is a problem that Americans have had to side at an ever increasing rate. Instead of fistfights, the exposes be fatal, like school shootings. Violence is nationally defined as a physical displume use of goods and servicesd to offend, damage or destroy (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1490). In the past decade, students are using more than physical force. They are using deadly weapons to injure or kill their peers and authority figures, and to destroy school property. Safety is considered to be the granting immunity from danger and injury damage (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1181) in other words, freedom from craze. Schools must ensure students and parents that above adequate measures -especially the three most successful- pass on be provided to make sure schools are safe.Violence has always been an issue among youths in the United States. Until recently, violence and aggression in American schools, in contrast to the more generic topic of youth violence, was no t a focus of extensive scholarly research (Gottesman, R., 1999, P.357). It is an utter horror that the violence occurring on the streets has slowly made its way into the classroom. The 1997-1998 school year served as a dramatic wake-up call that guns are accessible to teens and they will use them to kill. Prior to the 1990s the general public rarely discussed or were alter by school related violence. It seemed to be expected in authoritative parts of the country-urban areas- but was never thought to reach to suburban and folksy schools. Starting in late 1997, a chain reaction of disgust incidents spread from state to state. Following each tragedy was increased media wariness and public awareness to this growing issue. Endless images of weeping parents and children were seen on any news... ...fe Havens. Portland, Oregon Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 46.Wallace, J., Fravil, K., and Behre, W., (1997). hearty Work. School Social Workers and School Violence Personal Safety, Training, and Violence Programs, 43, (3), 223-231.Gaustad, J. (1994). The Fundamentals of School Security. How enkindle Attitudes and Behaviors Be Changed to Make Schools Safer?., 2, (132), 98-99.Simmson, B. (1994). School Violence to School Safety. School Psychology, 23, (2), 236-256. Sandell, A. (2000). Alex 2000. Retrieved April 24, 2003, from the founding Wide Web http//www.juicycerebellum.com/debate2.htm.Dwyer, K., Osher, D., and Warger, C. (1998, August). Early warning, timely response A transmit to safe schools. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved April 29, from the World Wide Web http//cecp.air.org/ sentry/earlywarning.htm.

René Magritte :: essays research papers

Ren MagritteRen Magritte was born in Belgium on November 21, 1898. His childhood took slip in Charlerloi. He was born to poverty and held left-wing political views. Magrittes mother killed herself when he was only fourteen. He later joined the commie Party. However, he preferred not to use his art for political causes. Magritte started to make believe successful oil paintings in the 1920s. This is when Magritte started to come into his own. In 1922, Magritte got married to Georgette Berger. Magritte was stir by Georgette and she became his model. He also became friendly with Victor Servranckx, who had developed a very geometric-abstract style. This was the beginning of a new direction for Magritte. In 1927 Magritte and Georgette travel to Paris to be closer to where it all happens. He started to take depart in the activities of the Surrealists, which became his style of choice for the majority of his life. Magritte began combining words and images in his paintings. These word-pi ctures were not mere illustrations of an object or a purpose. Just the opposite, his fail was intended to gently destabilize our mental habits of representation. Magritte elaborated a didactic classification of this type of painting, the simplest which consisted of denying an images with words, or vice versa. Magritte shared the Surrealist concept of the power of desire and eroticism to change life and wanted to take this idea through unconventional images. He continued involving metamorphosis in his work. In Black Magic, a naked woman leaning on a rock gradually merges into the blue sky. The painter was, nevertheless, distrustful of the obvious seduction of beautiful colors. In The Rape he even pushed it to the bloom of obsession with the features of a womans face replaced by sexual attributes, such as breasts, a belly button and pubic hair..In 1940, Magritte was going through a crisis resulting from the German occupation in World War II. Also, at this point Magrittes financ ial situation became an issue and his dissatisfaction with his own paintings. From past on, he decided that a feeling of pleasure and an atmosphere of rejoicing had to predominate over the sense of anxiety. Magritte first thought about changing his iconography and began to paint the leaf-birds, which are seen in two works from 1942, Treasure Island and The Companions of Fear.

The Hobbit :: Essays Papers

The Hobbit In this most appealing book, Bilbo gets caught up in an adventure he never dreamed of, that will later transfigure his life. In the beginning Bilbo Baggins runs into an old acquaintance, Gandalf, a wizard, who he had met many geezerhood earlier at festivals, where Gandalf had made fireworks with his magic. Bilbo and Gandalf talked for a while and Bilbo being the physique and polite hobbit he was invited him for tea in his hill the next day. in that respect at about the sentence Bilbo was expecting Gandalf he heard a happen at the door, but when he opened the door it was in detail not Gandalf but a little dwarf. The dwarf introduced himself to Bilbo as Thorin Oakenshield, give-and-take of Throror, son of Thrain. He then let himself in. After that many dwarves followed, in truth 9 more had come to the little hobbits doorstep. Then fin entirelyy subsequently all the dwarves had made themselves comfortable he heard another faucet at the door, and sure enough it was Gandalf, but with 3 other dwarves. That nighttime Gandalf and the dwarves spoke of wondrous tales and of a dragons gold that had at one time belonged to Thorins father. They also told of an adventure they were about to embark on, and then turn to Gandalf they asked what of the 13th member of the party? Gandalf spoke up and said, My, the one I have chosen is the burglar Mr. Baggins. Bilbo did not seem pleased, for he had no involve of adventure with his pleasant yet simplistic life. Even though he was secretly intrigued, but more so he was very scared. After a bit of chitchat Bilbo agreed to go and they all went to bed. When morning came Bilbo found no one in his hobbit hole, and its uncalled-for to say that he was very pleased, yet at the same time also a bit disappointed. He found a tone from Gandalf on his Mantle telling him to meet them at the inn. So Bilbo embarked on his journey to the inn as well as his adventure. Many divergences transpired during their slip of paper to the lonely mountain where the dragon lay with the adventurers soon to be gold.The journey was no walk in the park. Many fights sprung up, traps triggered, dark forests in need of paths appeared, and having to deal with creatures like trolls, goblins, elves, spiders, and many others.

Charles V :: essays research papers

CHARLES VFEBRUARY 24, 1500 &8211 folk 21, 1558Charles V was born on February 24, 1500 in Ghent, which today is better know Belgium. He was the oldest in the family so when his father died in 1506, he contagious the Netherlands and the Franche Comte, which was located in France but actually belonged to the blessed Roman Empire. He gained often more land once his maternal and paternal grandfathers died. not since Charlemagne, in the early 9th Century, had one person dominated so some(prenominal) land.When Charles visited Spain for the first time, he realized that he wasn&8217t popular among the citizens. However, his play cancelled against the muslim Turks and the German Protestants won him some acceptance. Though being genuine was a problem, controlling the finances became a much larger one. in that location were many another(prenominal) times when promising military campaigns had to be broken off due to lack of money and at times it appeared that Charles didn&8217t much mi nd that such actions had to be taken.In 1519 Charles was elected German faggot and Holy Roman Emperor. So after his visit to Spain he went to Germany to be officially crowned king. entirely, he would have to wait until 1530 to become the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles was going through a lot and he in brief started feeling the pressures of his obligations and to add to his pressures, he would soon be going into war with France, a big competitor and persistent enemy.Charles V went through many wars, but his most were with France. The Valois kings fought the emperor for the leadership of Europe in command and for the command of Italy in particular. Though in 1525 Charles&8217s army foiled and captured Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia in Italy it was thought that the war was over. But when the peace compromise was final and Francis was released, the Italian wars began again. In 1535 the Spaniards captured Milan and confirmed their domination of Italy.Finally, in stages, b etween 1555 through 1568, Charles V voluntarily gave up the throne.

ADHD and My Family: Searching for a More Scientific Explanation :: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

ADHD and My Family Searching for a to a greater extent Scientific ExplanationMy father, like many Asian immigrants, left India to follow his educational goals in America in order to provide a better life for his family. He arrived in the U.S. with fourteen dollars in his pelage pocket, a suitcase in his hands, and a will to succeed. For my father, in a place like America where opportunities were plentiful and where hard work rattling paid off there was no excuse not to succeed. The realistic translation of this belief meant that if his children worked hard in schooling there was nil they too could not achieve. As such, in my fathers mansehold, not doing well in school was not an option.Because of his cultural background my father found my brothers sorry performance in school incomprehensible. I too was puzzled by my brothers attitude towards school. He and I grew up in the same house with the same parents and the same set of values. Yet, he seemed to not care nigh school at a ll. For a long time, my family and I attributed my brothers Cs in school and obvious inability to concentrate to laziness and a lack of motivation. My brothers diagnosis with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was both a welcomed explanation and a shock to my parents. On the one hand, my mother and father had begun to question their parenting abilities, and this allowed them to foment the blame from themselves. On the other hand, they had a very limited intellectual of mental illness. In particular, the concept of mental illness itself was not something they were terribly familiar with. For my parents, problems of the mind were problems that existed within the scope of personal will power. In many ways, I partially subscribe to the world-view that my parents hold. As such, until recently, Ive been skeptical of my brothers diagnosis. In particular, at the time, it seemed to me that distractibility was something that I too suffered from. I didnt enjoy forcing myself t o concentrate, but I did it because I knew that I had to. In addition, my brother seemed perfectly capable of concentrating when he was playing soccer, watching the Discovery channel or playing painting games. In my mind, his problems appeared to be that he was spoiled and didnt like being told what to do. In addition, I think that ADHD gave everyone in my family the excuse that they needed.

Voltaires Affect on Modern Western Society Essay -- Fracois Marie Aro

I do not agree with what you have to say, exclusively Ill def mop up to death your right to say it, were the famous speech communication of Fracois Marie Arouet, much commonly cognize under the pen name of Voltaire. He was known for existence very outspoken and rebellious, which got him into trouble with the authorities for just about of his life. Voltaire advocated the french bourgeoisie as being ineffective, the aristocracy as being corrupt, and the commoners as being withal superstitious. Voltaires beliefs on freedom and agent is what at last led to the cut Revolution, the United States Bill of Rights, and the decrease in the violence of the Catholic Church, which have all affected ripe Hesperian society.The cut Revolution was a period of upheaval in France, during which the cut political structure and Catholic clergy underwent a large change due(p) to sagacity ideas. The commoners of France began to revolt after hearing the ideas of famous philosophes like Volt aire. Voltaire was a atheist who believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they utilize propoganda to sign followers rather than the actual religion. He believed it was unfair that thither wasnt any spiritual freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of course got him into a plow of trouble. Nevertheless, the french commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he say by revolting against the church. Voltaires ideas also critized royal absolutism because they had, in his opinion, too much function. He favored an elightened absolutist, which is an absolutist who adopts Enlightenment ideas. at once again, the French commoners took this to heart and agreed with Voltaire that the French government was too ... ... to key you broadcast injustices. Voltaire studied natural sciences and reason because he was against supestition. Although he advocated religious tolerance, he belie ved that any one church should not have irresponsible power. By the time he was executed, he had already brought about the end of the power and right of the church to torture France. People in France stable ar not as faithful to the Catholic Church as they had been forwards Voltaire had introduced them to the idea of reasoning.The Enlightenment is held to be the source of many modern ideas, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the primary values of freedom and reason. The views of philosophers such as Voltaire are considered to be the source of many essential changes in countries such as America and France. His views on religion, government, and freedom are what state hark back most because they have not died out in nows society. Voltaires Affect on Modern Western Society evidence -- Fracois Marie AroI do not agree with what you have to say, but Ill defend to death your right to say it, were the famous words of Fracois Marie Arouet, more commonly known under the p en name of Voltaire. He was known for being very outspoken and rebellious, which got him into trouble with the authorities for most of his life. Voltaire advocated the French bourgeoisie as being ineffective, the aristocracy as being corrupt, and the commoners as being too superstitious. Voltaires beliefs on freedom and reason is what ultimately led to the French Revolution, the United States Bill of Rights, and the decrease in the power of the Catholic Church, which have all affected modern western society.The French Revolution was a period of upheaval in France, during which the French governmental structure and Catholic clergy underwent a large change due to Enlightenment ideas. The commoners of France began to revolt after hearing the ideas of famous philosophes like Voltaire. Voltaire was a deist who believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they used propoganda to get followers rather than the actual religion. He believed it was unfair th at there wasnt any religious freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of course got him into a lot of trouble. Nevertheless, the French commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he said by revolting against the church. Voltaires ideas also critized royal absolutism because they had, in his opinion, too much power. He favored an elightened absolutist, which is an absolutist who adopts Enlightenment ideas. Once again, the French commoners took this to heart and agreed with Voltaire that the French government was too ... ... to make you commit injustices. Voltaire studied natural sciences and reason because he was against supestition. Although he advocated religious tolerance, he believed that any one church should not have absolute power. By the time he was executed, he had already brought about the end of the power and right of the church to torture France. People in France still are not as faithful to the Catholic C hurch as they had been before Voltaire had introduced them to the idea of reasoning.The Enlightenment is held to be the source of many modern ideas, such as the primary values of freedom and reason. The views of philosophers such as Voltaire are considered to be the source of many essential changes in countries such as America and France. His views on religion, government, and freedom are what people remember most because they have not died out in todays society.

Summer Reading :: essays research papers

Over the course of this pass I realize four concurs. The books I read were Harry Potter and the Order of the phoenix by J K Rowling, The Giver by Lois Lowry, Among the Hidden by Margaret Peterson Haddix, and Number the Stars by Lois Lowry again.Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J K Rowling was the first book I read this summer and I real liked it. I decided to read the fifth Harry Potter book because I had it and I never re exclusivelyy got a chance to read it. The book begins were it had left you of in the quaternary book when Harry is just about to enter his 5th family at Hogwarts. He still lives with his aunt and uncle whom he hates because they are recollect and evil to him. The letters from his friends are precise dull and they cause zilch to say, which confuses him and makes him furious. He is as well as mad because hes still stuck with the Dursleys all summer long. The horizontal surface goes with his adventures and challenges throughout his 5th year. T he genre is fantasy know with magic. I would recommend this book to anybody who likes the Harry Potter books. I would likewise recommend that if you have never read any of the previous books you disunite from the beginning. I cant wait till the next book comes outThe next book I read was The Giver by Lois Lowry which I actually bought a couple years ago at a book fair. It sat on my shelf for two years then it was recomm finish to me again, so this time I read it. I ended up liking it so much I contacted the author via netmail and asked if she would ever consider selling the movie rights. She replied and said that the movie rights have been sold and thithers a movie in the making. The story is about a boy named Jonas living in the perfect utopia where there is no war, no crime, and no hate. The ceremony of twelves is very soon and that is the most important ceremony of all it is when your assignment or job for life is decided. Little does Jonas know that he is about to gain vig or the most important assignment of all. Shortly after the assignment is disposed he meets The Giver. This sci-fi book is one of the best books Ive read and is also a Newberry Award winning book.